---
summary: "Remote access using SSH tunnels (Gateway WS) and tailnets"
read_when:
  - Running or troubleshooting remote gateway setups
title: "Remote Access"
---

# Remote access (SSH, tunnels, and tailnets)

This repo supports “remote over SSH” by keeping a single Gateway (the master) running on a dedicated host (desktop/server) and connecting clients to it.

- For **operators (you / the macOS app)**: SSH tunneling is the universal fallback.
- For **nodes (iOS/Android and future devices)**: connect to the Gateway **WebSocket** (LAN/tailnet or SSH tunnel as needed).

## The core idea

- The Gateway WebSocket binds to **loopback** on your configured port (defaults to 18789).
- For remote use, you forward that loopback port over SSH (or use a tailnet/VPN and tunnel less).

## Common VPN/tailnet setups (where the agent lives)

Think of the **Gateway host** as “where the agent lives.” It owns sessions, auth profiles, channels, and state.
Your laptop/desktop (and nodes) connect to that host.

### 1) Always-on Gateway in your tailnet (VPS or home server)

Run the Gateway on a persistent host and reach it via **Tailscale** or SSH.

- **Best UX:** keep `gateway.bind: "loopback"` and use **Tailscale Serve** for the Control UI.
- **Fallback:** keep loopback + SSH tunnel from any machine that needs access.
- **Examples:** [exe.dev](/install/exe-dev) (easy VM) or [Hetzner](/install/hetzner) (production VPS).

This is ideal when your laptop sleeps often but you want the agent always-on.

### 2) Home desktop runs the Gateway, laptop is remote control

The laptop does **not** run the agent. It connects remotely:

- Use the macOS app’s **Remote over SSH** mode (Settings → General → “OpenClaw runs”).
- The app opens and manages the tunnel, so WebChat + health checks “just work.”

Runbook: [macOS remote access](/platforms/mac/remote).

### 3) Laptop runs the Gateway, remote access from other machines

Keep the Gateway local but expose it safely:

- SSH tunnel to the laptop from other machines, or
- Tailscale Serve the Control UI and keep the Gateway loopback-only.

Guide: [Tailscale](/gateway/tailscale) and [Web overview](/web).

## Command flow (what runs where)

One gateway service owns state + channels. Nodes are peripherals.

Flow example (Telegram → node):

- Telegram message arrives at the **Gateway**.
- Gateway runs the **agent** and decides whether to call a node tool.
- Gateway calls the **node** over the Gateway WebSocket (`node.*` RPC).
- Node returns the result; Gateway replies back out to Telegram.

Notes:

- **Nodes do not run the gateway service.** Only one gateway should run per host unless you intentionally run isolated profiles (see [Multiple gateways](/gateway/multiple-gateways)).
- macOS app “node mode” is just a node client over the Gateway WebSocket.

## SSH tunnel (CLI + tools)

Create a local tunnel to the remote Gateway WS:

```bash
ssh -N -L 18789:127.0.0.1:18789 user@host
```

With the tunnel up:

- `openclaw health` and `openclaw status --deep` now reach the remote gateway via `ws://127.0.0.1:18789`.
- `openclaw gateway {status,health,send,agent,call}` can also target the forwarded URL via `--url` when needed.

Note: replace `18789` with your configured `gateway.port` (or `--port`/`OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PORT`).
Note: when you pass `--url`, the CLI does not fall back to config or environment credentials.
Include `--token` or `--password` explicitly. Missing explicit credentials is an error.

## CLI remote defaults

You can persist a remote target so CLI commands use it by default:

```json5
{
  gateway: {
    mode: "remote",
    remote: {
      url: "ws://127.0.0.1:18789",
      token: "your-token",
    },
  },
}
```

When the gateway is loopback-only, keep the URL at `ws://127.0.0.1:18789` and open the SSH tunnel first.

## Credential precedence

Gateway credential resolution follows one shared contract across call/probe/status paths and Discord exec-approval monitoring. Node-host uses the same base contract with one local-mode exception (it intentionally ignores `gateway.remote.*`):

- Explicit credentials (`--token`, `--password`, or tool `gatewayToken`) always win on call paths that accept explicit auth.
- URL override safety:
  - CLI URL overrides (`--url`) never reuse implicit config/env credentials.
  - Env URL overrides (`OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_URL`) may use env credentials only (`OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN` / `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PASSWORD`).
- Local mode defaults:
  - token: `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN` -> `gateway.auth.token` -> `gateway.remote.token` (remote fallback applies only when local auth token input is unset)
  - password: `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PASSWORD` -> `gateway.auth.password` -> `gateway.remote.password` (remote fallback applies only when local auth password input is unset)
- Remote mode defaults:
  - token: `gateway.remote.token` -> `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN` -> `gateway.auth.token`
  - password: `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_PASSWORD` -> `gateway.remote.password` -> `gateway.auth.password`
- Node-host local-mode exception: `gateway.remote.token` / `gateway.remote.password` are ignored.
- Remote probe/status token checks are strict by default: they use `gateway.remote.token` only (no local token fallback) when targeting remote mode.
- Gateway env overrides use `OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_*` only.

## Chat UI over SSH

WebChat no longer uses a separate HTTP port. The SwiftUI chat UI connects directly to the Gateway WebSocket.

- Forward `18789` over SSH (see above), then connect clients to `ws://127.0.0.1:18789`.
- On macOS, prefer the app’s “Remote over SSH” mode, which manages the tunnel automatically.

## macOS app "Remote over SSH"

The macOS menu bar app can drive the same setup end-to-end (remote status checks, WebChat, and Voice Wake forwarding).

Runbook: [macOS remote access](/platforms/mac/remote).

## Security rules (remote/VPN)

Short version: **keep the Gateway loopback-only** unless you’re sure you need a bind.

- **Loopback + SSH/Tailscale Serve** is the safest default (no public exposure).
- Plaintext `ws://` is loopback-only by default. For trusted private networks,
  set `OPENCLAW_ALLOW_INSECURE_PRIVATE_WS=1` on the client process as break-glass.
- **Non-loopback binds** (`lan`/`tailnet`/`custom`, or `auto` when loopback is unavailable) must use gateway auth: token, password, or an identity-aware reverse proxy with `gateway.auth.mode: "trusted-proxy"`.
- `gateway.remote.token` / `.password` are client credential sources. They do **not** configure server auth by themselves.
- Local call paths can use `gateway.remote.*` as fallback only when `gateway.auth.*` is unset.
- If `gateway.auth.token` / `gateway.auth.password` is explicitly configured via SecretRef and unresolved, resolution fails closed (no remote fallback masking).
- `gateway.remote.tlsFingerprint` pins the remote TLS cert when using `wss://`.
- **Tailscale Serve** can authenticate Control UI/WebSocket traffic via identity
  headers when `gateway.auth.allowTailscale: true`; HTTP API endpoints do not
  use that Tailscale header auth and instead follow the gateway's normal HTTP
  auth mode. This tokenless flow assumes the gateway host is trusted. Set it to
  `false` if you want shared-secret auth everywhere.
- **Trusted-proxy** auth is for non-loopback identity-aware proxy setups only.
  Same-host loopback reverse proxies do not satisfy `gateway.auth.mode: "trusted-proxy"`.
- Treat browser control like operator access: tailnet-only + deliberate node pairing.

Deep dive: [Security](/gateway/security).

### macOS: persistent SSH tunnel via LaunchAgent

For macOS clients connecting to a remote gateway, the easiest persistent setup uses an SSH `LocalForward` config entry plus a LaunchAgent to keep the tunnel alive across reboots and crashes.

#### Step 1: add SSH config

Edit `~/.ssh/config`:

```ssh
Host remote-gateway
    HostName <REMOTE_IP>
    User <REMOTE_USER>
    LocalForward 18789 127.0.0.1:18789
    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa
```

Replace `<REMOTE_IP>` and `<REMOTE_USER>` with your values.

#### Step 2: copy SSH key (one-time)

```bash
ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa <REMOTE_USER>@<REMOTE_IP>
```

#### Step 3: configure the gateway token

Store the token in config so it persists across restarts:

```bash
openclaw config set gateway.remote.token "<your-token>"
```

#### Step 4: create the LaunchAgent

Save this as `~/Library/LaunchAgents/ai.openclaw.ssh-tunnel.plist`:

```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
    <key>Label</key>
    <string>ai.openclaw.ssh-tunnel</string>
    <key>ProgramArguments</key>
    <array>
        <string>/usr/bin/ssh</string>
        <string>-N</string>
        <string>remote-gateway</string>
    </array>
    <key>KeepAlive</key>
    <true/>
    <key>RunAtLoad</key>
    <true/>
</dict>
</plist>
```

#### Step 5: load the LaunchAgent

```bash
launchctl bootstrap gui/$UID ~/Library/LaunchAgents/ai.openclaw.ssh-tunnel.plist
```

The tunnel will start automatically at login, restart on crash, and keep the forwarded port live.

Note: if you have a leftover `com.openclaw.ssh-tunnel` LaunchAgent from an older setup, unload and delete it.

#### Troubleshooting

Check if the tunnel is running:

```bash
ps aux | grep "ssh -N remote-gateway" | grep -v grep
lsof -i :18789
```

Restart the tunnel:

```bash
launchctl kickstart -k gui/$UID/ai.openclaw.ssh-tunnel
```

Stop the tunnel:

```bash
launchctl bootout gui/$UID/ai.openclaw.ssh-tunnel
```

| Config entry                         | What it does                                                 |
| ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| `LocalForward 18789 127.0.0.1:18789` | Forwards local port 18789 to remote port 18789               |
| `ssh -N`                             | SSH without executing remote commands (port-forwarding only) |
| `KeepAlive`                          | Automatically restarts the tunnel if it crashes              |
| `RunAtLoad`                          | Starts the tunnel when the LaunchAgent loads at login        |
