diff --git a/src/plugins/install.npm-spec.test.ts b/src/plugins/install.npm-spec.test.ts
index 95440750a8e..dfe80ead5c0 100644
--- a/src/plugins/install.npm-spec.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/install.npm-spec.test.ts
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@ describe("installPluginFromNpmSpec", () => {
     }
     expect(stableCorrection.npmResolution?.version).toBe("2026.5.3-1");
     expect(stableCorrection.npmResolution?.resolvedSpec).toBe("@openclaw/voice-call@2026.5.3-1");
-    expect(correctionWarnings).toEqual([]);
+    expect(correctionWarnings).toStrictEqual([]);
 
     runCommandWithTimeoutMock.mockReset();
     const prereleaseOnlyNpmRoot = path.join(suiteTempRootTracker.makeTempDir(), "npm");
diff --git a/src/plugins/npm-install-security-scan.release.test.ts b/src/plugins/npm-install-security-scan.release.test.ts
index a3965c6ad33..c00c7da45e2 100644
--- a/src/plugins/npm-install-security-scan.release.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/npm-install-security-scan.release.test.ts
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ describe("publishable plugin npm package install security scan", () => {
       unexpectedCriticalFindings.push(...result.unexpectedCriticalFindings);
     }
 
-    expect(unexpectedCriticalFindings.toSorted()).toEqual([]);
+    expect(unexpectedCriticalFindings.toSorted()).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect([...reviewedCriticalFindings].toSorted()).toEqual(
       [...expectedReviewedCriticalFindings].toSorted(),
     );
diff --git a/src/plugins/provider-runtime.test.ts b/src/plugins/provider-runtime.test.ts
index 500f93f29e4..922b5599bc1 100644
--- a/src/plugins/provider-runtime.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/provider-runtime.test.ts
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ describe("provider-runtime", () => {
           store: { version: 1, profiles: {} },
         },
       }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
+    ).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(resolvePluginProvidersMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
@@ -1821,7 +1821,7 @@ describe("provider-runtime", () => {
           tools: [DEMO_TOOL],
         }),
       }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
+    ).toStrictEqual([]);
 
     expect(
       normalizeProviderResolvedModelWithPlugin({
diff --git a/src/plugins/providers.test.ts b/src/plugins/providers.test.ts
index a3b4d9c0fec..8adb13ff774 100644
--- a/src/plugins/providers.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/providers.test.ts
@@ -674,14 +674,14 @@ describe("resolvePluginProviders", () => {
         env: {} as NodeJS.ProcessEnv,
         onlyPluginIds: [],
       }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
+    ).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(
       resolveDiscoveredProviderPluginIds({
         config: {},
         env: {} as NodeJS.ProcessEnv,
         onlyPluginIds: [],
       }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
+    ).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it.each([
@@ -1169,7 +1169,7 @@ describe("resolvePluginProviders", () => {
           },
         },
       }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
+    ).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("does not activate explicit runtime owners disabled in config", () => {
@@ -1194,7 +1194,7 @@ describe("resolvePluginProviders", () => {
           },
         },
       }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
+    ).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("does not activate explicit runtime owners outside the allowlist", () => {
@@ -1217,7 +1217,7 @@ describe("resolvePluginProviders", () => {
           },
         },
       }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
+    ).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("uses setup.providers to keep explicit provider owners on the setup path", () => {
@@ -1326,7 +1326,7 @@ describe("resolvePluginProviders", () => {
       includeUntrustedWorkspacePlugins: false,
     });
 
-    expect(providers).toEqual([]);
+    expect(providers).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(loadOpenClawPluginsMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
@@ -1350,7 +1350,7 @@ describe("resolvePluginProviders", () => {
       includeUntrustedWorkspacePlugins: false,
     });
 
-    expect(providers).toEqual([]);
+    expect(providers).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(resolveRuntimePluginRegistryMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     expect(getRuntimePluginRegistryForLoadOptionsMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
@@ -1374,7 +1374,7 @@ describe("resolvePluginProviders", () => {
       activate: true,
     });
 
-    expect(providers).toEqual([]);
+    expect(providers).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(resolveRuntimePluginRegistryMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     expect(getRuntimePluginRegistryForLoadOptionsMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
@@ -1401,7 +1401,7 @@ describe("resolvePluginProviders", () => {
       activate: true,
     });
 
-    expect(providers).toEqual([]);
+    expect(providers).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(resolveRuntimePluginRegistryMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     expect(getRuntimePluginRegistryForLoadOptionsMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
@@ -1432,7 +1432,7 @@ describe("resolvePluginProviders", () => {
         },
         includeUntrustedWorkspacePlugins: false,
       }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
+    ).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("does not auto-activate explicitly disabled trusted workspace runtime owners", () => {
@@ -1460,7 +1460,7 @@ describe("resolvePluginProviders", () => {
         },
         includeUntrustedWorkspacePlugins: false,
       }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
+    ).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("keeps legacy CLI backend ownership as the explicit provider fallback", () => {
diff --git a/src/plugins/runtime/runtime-taskflow.test.ts b/src/plugins/runtime/runtime-taskflow.test.ts
index dfda51349f8..6d3a894de68 100644
--- a/src/plugins/runtime/runtime-taskflow.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/runtime/runtime-taskflow.test.ts
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ describe("runtime TaskFlow", () => {
     });
 
     expect(otherTaskFlow.get(created.flowId)).toBeUndefined();
-    expect(otherTaskFlow.list()).toEqual([]);
+    expect(otherTaskFlow.list()).toStrictEqual([]);
 
     const child = ownerTaskFlow.runTask({
       flowId: created.flowId,
diff --git a/src/plugins/update.test.ts b/src/plugins/update.test.ts
index da38aff9ac8..c8e3ed5a621 100644
--- a/src/plugins/update.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/update.test.ts
@@ -2752,7 +2752,7 @@ describe("syncPluginsForUpdateChannel", () => {
 
       expect(installPluginFromNpmSpecMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
       expect(result.changed).toBe(expectedChanged);
-      expect(result.summary.switchedToNpm).toEqual([]);
+      expect(result.summary.switchedToNpm).toStrictEqual([]);
       expect(result.config.plugins?.load?.paths).toEqual(expectedLoadPaths);
       expectBundledPathInstall({
         install: result.config.plugins?.installs?.feishu,
@@ -2886,8 +2886,8 @@ describe("syncPluginsForUpdateChannel", () => {
     );
     expect(result.changed).toBe(true);
     expect(result.summary.switchedToNpm).toEqual(["legacy-chat"]);
-    expect(result.summary.errors).toEqual([]);
-    expect(result.config.plugins?.load?.paths).toEqual([]);
+    expect(result.summary.errors).toStrictEqual([]);
+    expect(result.config.plugins?.load?.paths).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(result.config.plugins?.installs?.["legacy-chat"]).toMatchObject({
       source: "npm",
       spec: "@openclaw/legacy-chat",
@@ -2999,9 +2999,9 @@ describe("syncPluginsForUpdateChannel", () => {
     expect(installPluginFromNpmSpecMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     expect(result.changed).toBe(true);
     expect(result.summary.switchedToClawHub).toEqual(["legacy-chat"]);
-    expect(result.summary.switchedToNpm).toEqual([]);
-    expect(result.summary.errors).toEqual([]);
-    expect(result.config.plugins?.load?.paths).toEqual([]);
+    expect(result.summary.switchedToNpm).toStrictEqual([]);
+    expect(result.summary.errors).toStrictEqual([]);
+    expect(result.config.plugins?.load?.paths).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(result.config.plugins?.installs?.["legacy-chat"]).toMatchObject({
       source: "clawhub",
       spec: "clawhub:legacy-chat@2026.5.1-beta.2",
@@ -3082,12 +3082,12 @@ describe("syncPluginsForUpdateChannel", () => {
       }),
     );
     expect(result.changed).toBe(true);
-    expect(result.summary.switchedToClawHub).toEqual([]);
+    expect(result.summary.switchedToClawHub).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(result.summary.switchedToNpm).toEqual(["legacy-chat"]);
     expect(result.summary.warnings).toEqual([
       "ClawHub clawhub:legacy-chat@2026.5.1-beta.2 unavailable for legacy-chat; falling back to npm @openclaw/legacy-chat.",
     ]);
-    expect(result.summary.errors).toEqual([]);
+    expect(result.summary.errors).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(result.config.plugins?.installs?.["legacy-chat"]).toMatchObject({
       source: "npm",
       spec: "@openclaw/legacy-chat",
diff --git a/src/plugins/web-provider-resolution-candidates.test.ts b/src/plugins/web-provider-resolution-candidates.test.ts
index a9ad1fb9e63..db83c957cb9 100644
--- a/src/plugins/web-provider-resolution-candidates.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/web-provider-resolution-candidates.test.ts
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe("resolveManifestDeclaredWebProviderCandidatePluginIds", () => {
         configKey: "webSearch",
         onlyPluginIds: [],
       }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
+    ).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(mocks.loadPluginManifestRegistryForInstalledIndex).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ describe("resolveManifestDeclaredWebProviderCandidatePluginIds", () => {
         configKey: "webSearch",
         onlyPluginIds: ["missing-plugin"],
       }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
+    ).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(mocks.loadPluginMetadataSnapshot).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
   });
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ describe("resolveManifestDeclaredWebProviderCandidatePluginIds", () => {
         configKey: "webSearch",
         origin: "bundled",
       }),
-    ).toEqual([]);
+    ).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("derives provider candidates from a single manifest-registry read", () => {