diff --git a/extensions/browser/src/browser/routes/agent.act.existing-session-navigation-guard.test.ts b/extensions/browser/src/browser/routes/agent.act.existing-session-navigation-guard.test.ts
index 5b5268a8d45..72f9314d9ce 100644
--- a/extensions/browser/src/browser/routes/agent.act.existing-session-navigation-guard.test.ts
+++ b/extensions/browser/src/browser/routes/agent.act.existing-session-navigation-guard.test.ts
@@ -97,6 +97,10 @@ describe("existing-session interaction navigation guard", () => {
   }
 
   async function expectActionToReject(body: Record<string, unknown>) {
+    await expectActionToThrow(body, "Unable to verify stable post-interaction navigation");
+  }
+
+  async function expectActionToThrow(body: Record<string, unknown>, message: string) {
     const handler = getActPostHandler();
     const response = createBrowserRouteResponse();
     const pending = handler?.({ params: {}, query: {}, body }, response.res) ?? Promise.resolve();
@@ -106,7 +110,7 @@ describe("existing-session interaction navigation guard", () => {
       await pending;
     })();
 
-    await expect(completion).rejects.toThrow("Unable to verify stable post-interaction navigation");
+    await expect(completion).rejects.toThrow(message);
   }
 
   function expectNavigationProbeUrls(urls: string[]) {
@@ -215,18 +219,7 @@ describe("existing-session interaction navigation guard", () => {
       },
     );
 
-    const handler = getActPostHandler();
-    const response = createBrowserRouteResponse();
-    const pending =
-      handler?.({ params: {}, query: {}, body: { kind: "click", ref: "btn-1" } }, response.res) ??
-      Promise.resolve();
-    void pending.catch(() => {});
-    const completion = (async () => {
-      await vi.runAllTimersAsync();
-      await pending;
-    })();
-
-    await expect(completion).rejects.toThrow("blocked new tab");
+    await expectActionToThrow({ kind: "click", ref: "btn-1" }, "blocked new tab");
     expect(chromeMcpMocks.clickChromeMcpElement).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
   });
 
@@ -338,18 +331,7 @@ describe("existing-session interaction navigation guard", () => {
       throw new Error("stale element");
     });
 
-    const handler = getActPostHandler();
-    const response = createBrowserRouteResponse();
-    const pending =
-      handler?.({ params: {}, query: {}, body: { kind: "click", ref: "btn-1" } }, response.res) ??
-      Promise.resolve();
-    void pending.catch(() => {});
-    const completion = (async () => {
-      await vi.runAllTimersAsync();
-      await pending;
-    })();
-
-    await expect(completion).rejects.toThrow("stale element");
+    await expectActionToThrow({ kind: "click", ref: "btn-1" }, "stale element");
     expect(chromeMcpMocks.evaluateChromeMcpScript).toHaveBeenCalled();
     expect(navigationGuardMocks.assertBrowserNavigationResultAllowed).toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
diff --git a/extensions/browser/src/browser/server-context.ensure-browser-available.waits-for-cdp-ready.test.ts b/extensions/browser/src/browser/server-context.ensure-browser-available.waits-for-cdp-ready.test.ts
index 8d084d55bd5..ce14981668e 100644
--- a/extensions/browser/src/browser/server-context.ensure-browser-available.waits-for-cdp-ready.test.ts
+++ b/extensions/browser/src/browser/server-context.ensure-browser-available.waits-for-cdp-ready.test.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,27 @@ function setupEnsureBrowserAvailableHarness() {
   return { launchOpenClawChrome, stopOpenClawChrome, isChromeCdpReady, profile, state };
 }
 
+function createAttachOnlyLoopbackProfile(cdpUrl: string) {
+  const state = makeBrowserServerState({
+    profile: {
+      name: "manual-cdp",
+      cdpUrl,
+      cdpHost: "127.0.0.1",
+      cdpIsLoopback: true,
+      cdpPort: 9222,
+      color: "#00AA00",
+      driver: "openclaw",
+      attachOnly: true,
+    },
+    resolvedOverrides: {
+      defaultProfile: "manual-cdp",
+      ssrfPolicy: {},
+    },
+  });
+  const ctx = createBrowserRouteContext({ getState: () => state });
+  return { profile: ctx.forProfile("manual-cdp"), state };
+}
+
 afterEach(() => {
   vi.useRealTimers();
   vi.clearAllMocks();
@@ -142,24 +163,7 @@ describe("browser server-context ensureBrowserAvailable", () => {
     const isChromeReachable = vi.mocked(chromeModule.isChromeReachable);
     const isChromeCdpReady = vi.mocked(chromeModule.isChromeCdpReady);
 
-    const state = makeBrowserServerState({
-      profile: {
-        name: "manual-cdp",
-        cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:9222",
-        cdpHost: "127.0.0.1",
-        cdpIsLoopback: true,
-        cdpPort: 9222,
-        color: "#00AA00",
-        driver: "openclaw",
-        attachOnly: true,
-      },
-      resolvedOverrides: {
-        defaultProfile: "manual-cdp",
-        ssrfPolicy: {},
-      },
-    });
-    const ctx = createBrowserRouteContext({ getState: () => state });
-    const profile = ctx.forProfile("manual-cdp");
+    const { profile, state } = createAttachOnlyLoopbackProfile("http://127.0.0.1:9222");
 
     isChromeReachable.mockResolvedValueOnce(true);
     isChromeCdpReady.mockResolvedValueOnce(true);
@@ -195,24 +199,7 @@ describe("browser server-context ensureBrowserAvailable", () => {
     const isChromeReachable = vi.mocked(chromeModule.isChromeReachable);
     const isChromeCdpReady = vi.mocked(chromeModule.isChromeCdpReady);
 
-    const state = makeBrowserServerState({
-      profile: {
-        name: "manual-cdp",
-        cdpUrl: "ws://127.0.0.1:9222",
-        cdpHost: "127.0.0.1",
-        cdpIsLoopback: true,
-        cdpPort: 9222,
-        color: "#00AA00",
-        driver: "openclaw",
-        attachOnly: true,
-      },
-      resolvedOverrides: {
-        defaultProfile: "manual-cdp",
-        ssrfPolicy: {},
-      },
-    });
-    const ctx = createBrowserRouteContext({ getState: () => state });
-    const profile = ctx.forProfile("manual-cdp");
+    const { profile, state } = createAttachOnlyLoopbackProfile("ws://127.0.0.1:9222");
 
     isChromeReachable.mockResolvedValueOnce(true);
     isChromeCdpReady.mockResolvedValueOnce(true);
diff --git a/extensions/browser/src/browser/server-context.remote-profile-tab-ops.playwright.test.ts b/extensions/browser/src/browser/server-context.remote-profile-tab-ops.playwright.test.ts
index 4698c9a1c35..e180ac6d3aa 100644
--- a/extensions/browser/src/browser/server-context.remote-profile-tab-ops.playwright.test.ts
+++ b/extensions/browser/src/browser/server-context.remote-profile-tab-ops.playwright.test.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,15 @@ import {
 const deps: RemoteProfileTestDeps = await loadRemoteProfileTestDeps();
 installRemoteProfileTestLifecycle(deps);
 
+function page(targetId: string, url = `https://${targetId.toLowerCase()}.example`) {
+  return {
+    targetId,
+    title: targetId === "T1" ? "Tab 1" : targetId,
+    url,
+    type: "page" as const,
+  };
+}
+
 describe("browser remote profile tab ops via Playwright", () => {
   it("uses Playwright tab operations when available", async () => {
     const listPagesViaPlaywright = vi.fn(async () => [
@@ -91,10 +100,7 @@ describe("browser remote profile tab ops via Playwright", () => {
   });
 
   it("rejects stale targetId for remote profiles even when only one tab remains", async () => {
-    const responses = [
-      [{ targetId: "T1", title: "Tab 1", url: "https://example.com", type: "page" }],
-      [{ targetId: "T1", title: "Tab 1", url: "https://example.com", type: "page" }],
-    ];
+    const responses = Array.from({ length: 2 }, () => [page("T1", "https://example.com")]);
     const listPagesViaPlaywright = vi.fn(deps.createSequentialPageLister(responses));
 
     vi.spyOn(deps.pwAiModule, "getPwAiModule").mockResolvedValue({
@@ -106,16 +112,7 @@ describe("browser remote profile tab ops via Playwright", () => {
   });
 
   it("keeps rejecting stale targetId for remote profiles when multiple tabs exist", async () => {
-    const responses = [
-      [
-        { targetId: "A", title: "A", url: "https://a.example", type: "page" },
-        { targetId: "B", title: "B", url: "https://b.example", type: "page" },
-      ],
-      [
-        { targetId: "A", title: "A", url: "https://a.example", type: "page" },
-        { targetId: "B", title: "B", url: "https://b.example", type: "page" },
-      ],
-    ];
+    const responses = Array.from({ length: 2 }, () => [page("A"), page("B")]);
     const listPagesViaPlaywright = vi.fn(deps.createSequentialPageLister(responses));
 
     vi.spyOn(deps.pwAiModule, "getPwAiModule").mockResolvedValue({