diff --git a/.github/workflows/clawsweeper-dispatch.yml b/.github/workflows/clawsweeper-dispatch.yml
index 83cb98950ff..58c5af9c5f8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/clawsweeper-dispatch.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/clawsweeper-dispatch.yml
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ permissions:
   contents: read
 
 concurrency:
-  group: clawsweeper-dispatch-${{ github.repository }}-${{ github.event.issue.number || github.event.pull_request.number || github.run_id }}
-  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event.action == 'edited' || github.event.action == 'synchronize' || github.event.action == 'ready_for_review' }}
+  group: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && format('clawsweeper-dispatch-{0}-{1}', github.repository, github.ref) || format('clawsweeper-dispatch-{0}-{1}', github.repository, github.event.issue.number || github.event.pull_request.number || github.run_id) }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' || github.event.action == 'edited' || github.event.action == 'synchronize' || github.event.action == 'ready_for_review' }}
 
 jobs:
   dispatch:
@@ -41,6 +41,34 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ github.event.action == 'labeled' || github.event.action == 'unlabeled' }}
         run: sleep 20
 
+      - name: Debounce main push dispatch
+        if: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' }}
+        run: sleep 45
+
+      - name: Install GitHub API backoff helper
+        run: |
+          cat > "$RUNNER_TEMP/github-api-backoff.sh" <<'BASH'
+          gh_api_with_retry() {
+            local attempt output status lower_output
+            for attempt in 1 2 3 4 5; do
+              if output="$(gh api "$@" 2>&1)"; then
+                printf '%s\n' "$output"
+                return 0
+              fi
+              status=$?
+              lower_output="${output,,}"
+              if [[ "$lower_output" != *"rate limit"* && "$output" != *"HTTP 429"* ]]; then
+                printf '%s\n' "$output" >&2
+                return "$status"
+              fi
+              echo "::warning::GitHub API throttled ClawSweeper dispatch on attempt ${attempt}; retrying after backoff." >&2
+              sleep $((attempt * attempt * 5))
+            done
+            printf '%s\n' "$output" >&2
+            return "$status"
+          }
+          BASH
+
       - name: Create ClawSweeper dispatch token
         id: token
         if: ${{ env.HAS_CLAWSWEEPER_APP_PRIVATE_KEY == 'true' }}
@@ -77,6 +105,7 @@ jobs:
             echo "::notice::Skipping GitHub activity dispatch because no ClawSweeper app token is configured."
             exit 0
           fi
+          . "$RUNNER_TEMP/github-api-backoff.sh"
           activity="$(jq -c \
             --arg target_repo "$TARGET_REPO" \
             --arg event_name "$SOURCE_EVENT" \
@@ -143,7 +172,7 @@ jobs:
             ' "$GITHUB_EVENT_PATH")"
           payload="$(jq -nc --argjson activity "$activity" \
             '{event_type:"github_activity",client_payload:{activity:$activity}}')"
-          if gh api repos/openclaw/clawsweeper/dispatches \
+          if gh_api_with_retry repos/openclaw/clawsweeper/dispatches \
             --method POST \
             --input - <<< "$payload"; then
             echo "Dispatched GitHub activity to ClawSweeper."
@@ -165,6 +194,7 @@ jobs:
             echo "::notice::Skipping ClawSweeper dispatch because no ClawSweeper app token is configured. Not falling back to a maintainer token."
             exit 0
           fi
+          . "$RUNNER_TEMP/github-api-backoff.sh"
           payload="$(jq -nc \
             --arg target_repo "$TARGET_REPO" \
             --argjson item_number "$ITEM_NUMBER" \
@@ -173,7 +203,7 @@ jobs:
             --arg source_action "$SOURCE_ACTION" \
             --argjson supersedes_in_progress "$SUPERSEDES_IN_PROGRESS" \
             '{event_type:"clawsweeper_item",client_payload:{target_repo:$target_repo,item_number:$item_number,item_kind:$item_kind,source_event:$source_event,source_action:$source_action,supersedes_in_progress:$supersedes_in_progress}}')"
-          if gh api repos/openclaw/clawsweeper/dispatches \
+          if gh_api_with_retry repos/openclaw/clawsweeper/dispatches \
             --method POST \
             --input - <<< "$payload"; then
             echo "Dispatched ClawSweeper review."
@@ -198,6 +228,7 @@ jobs:
             echo "::notice::Skipping ClawSweeper comment dispatch because no ClawSweeper app token is configured."
             exit 0
           fi
+          . "$RUNNER_TEMP/github-api-backoff.sh"
           body_file="$RUNNER_TEMP/clawsweeper-comment-body.txt"
           printf '%s\n' "$COMMENT_BODY" > "$body_file"
           if ! grep -Eiq '(^|[[:space:]])@(clawsweeper|openclaw-clawsweeper)\b(\[bot\])?|(^|[[:space:]])/(clawsweeper|review|automerge|autoclose)\b' "$body_file"; then
@@ -206,7 +237,7 @@ jobs:
           fi
           if [ -n "$TARGET_TOKEN" ]; then
             err="$(mktemp)"
-            if GH_TOKEN="$TARGET_TOKEN" gh api -X POST \
+            if GH_TOKEN="$TARGET_TOKEN" gh_api_with_retry -X POST \
               -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
               "repos/$TARGET_REPO/issues/comments/$COMMENT_ID/reactions" \
               -f content="eyes" 2>"$err" >/dev/null; then
@@ -233,7 +264,7 @@ jobs:
                   "Command router queued. I will update this comment with the next step.")"
                 status_payload="$(jq -nc --arg body "$status_body" '{body:$body}')"
                 status_err="$(mktemp)"
-                if status_response="$(GH_TOKEN="$TARGET_TOKEN" gh api \
+                if status_response="$(GH_TOKEN="$TARGET_TOKEN" gh_api_with_retry \
                   "repos/$TARGET_REPO/issues/$ITEM_NUMBER/comments" \
                   --method POST \
                   --input - <<< "$status_payload" 2>"$status_err")"; then
@@ -254,7 +285,7 @@ jobs:
             --arg source_event "issue_comment" \
             --arg source_action "$SOURCE_ACTION" \
             '{event_type:"clawsweeper_comment",client_payload:({target_repo:$target_repo,item_number:$item_number,comment_id:$comment_id,source_event:$source_event,source_action:$source_action,max_comments:"1"} + (if $status_comment_id != "" then {status_comment_id:($status_comment_id|tonumber)} else {} end))}')"
-          if GH_TOKEN="$DISPATCH_TOKEN" gh api repos/openclaw/clawsweeper/dispatches \
+          if GH_TOKEN="$DISPATCH_TOKEN" gh_api_with_retry repos/openclaw/clawsweeper/dispatches \
             --method POST \
             --input - <<< "$payload"; then
             echo "Dispatched ClawSweeper comment router."
@@ -276,6 +307,7 @@ jobs:
             echo "::notice::Skipping ClawSweeper commit dispatch because no ClawSweeper app token is configured. Not falling back to a maintainer token."
             exit 0
           fi
+          . "$RUNNER_TEMP/github-api-backoff.sh"
           case "$CREATE_CHECKS" in
             true|TRUE|1|yes|YES|on|ON) create_checks=true ;;
             *) create_checks=false ;;
@@ -287,7 +319,7 @@ jobs:
             --arg ref "$SOURCE_REF" \
             --argjson create_checks "$create_checks" \
             '{event_type:"clawsweeper_commit_review",client_payload:{target_repo:$target_repo,before_sha:$before_sha,after_sha:$after_sha,ref:$ref,enabled:true,create_checks:$create_checks}}')"
-          if gh api repos/openclaw/clawsweeper/dispatches \
+          if gh_api_with_retry repos/openclaw/clawsweeper/dispatches \
             --method POST \
             --input - <<< "$payload"; then
             echo "Dispatched ClawSweeper commit review."
diff --git a/.github/workflows/codeql.yml b/.github/workflows/codeql.yml
index 67c7f731e82..0c2aaae03b7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql.yml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ on:
 
 concurrency:
   group: codeql-${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && format('manual-{0}', github.run_id) || github.event_name == 'pull_request' && format('pr-{0}', github.event.pull_request.number) || format('ref-{0}', github.ref) }}
-  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main') }}
 
 env:
   FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: "true"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/control-ui-locale-refresh.yml b/.github/workflows/control-ui-locale-refresh.yml
index 186492dd0d6..412a0adcd4d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/control-ui-locale-refresh.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/control-ui-locale-refresh.yml
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ permissions:
   contents: write
 
 concurrency:
-  group: control-ui-locale-refresh
-  cancel-in-progress: false
+  group: control-ui-locale-refresh-${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && format('manual-{0}', github.run_id) || github.event_name == 'release' && format('release-{0}', github.event.release.tag_name) || format('{0}-{1}', github.event_name, github.run_id) }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
 
 jobs:
   plan:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docs-sync-publish.yml b/.github/workflows/docs-sync-publish.yml
index b5b7ef48bfd..b5c1509e315 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/docs-sync-publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs-sync-publish.yml
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ on:
 permissions:
   contents: read
 
+concurrency:
+  group: docs-sync-publish-${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && format('manual-{0}', github.run_id) || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
+
 jobs:
   sync-publish-repo:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/.github/workflows/openclaw-stable-main-closeout.yml b/.github/workflows/openclaw-stable-main-closeout.yml
index c7114ef88bc..d827ccfb278 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/openclaw-stable-main-closeout.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/openclaw-stable-main-closeout.yml
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ permissions:
   contents: write
 
 concurrency:
-  group: openclaw-stable-main-closeout
-  cancel-in-progress: false
+  group: openclaw-stable-main-closeout-${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && (inputs.tag || github.run_id) || github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
 
 jobs:
   resolve:
@@ -43,6 +43,30 @@ jobs:
       should_closeout: ${{ steps.inputs.outputs.should_closeout }}
       tag: ${{ steps.inputs.outputs.tag }}
     steps:
+      - name: Install GitHub API backoff helper
+        run: |
+          cat > "$RUNNER_TEMP/github-api-backoff.sh" <<'BASH'
+          gh_with_retry() {
+            local attempt output status lower_output
+            for attempt in 1 2 3 4 5; do
+              if output="$(gh "$@" 2>&1)"; then
+                printf '%s\n' "$output"
+                return 0
+              fi
+              status=$?
+              lower_output="${output,,}"
+              if [[ "$lower_output" != *"rate limit"* && "$output" != *"HTTP 429"* ]]; then
+                printf '%s\n' "$output" >&2
+                return "$status"
+              fi
+              echo "::warning::GitHub API throttled stable closeout on attempt ${attempt}; retrying after backoff." >&2
+              sleep $((attempt * attempt * 5))
+            done
+            printf '%s\n' "$output" >&2
+            return "$status"
+          }
+          BASH
+
       - name: Checkout pushed main
         if: ${{ github.event_name == 'push' }}
         uses: actions/checkout@df4cb1c069e1874edd31b4311f1884172cec0e10 # v6
@@ -62,9 +86,13 @@ jobs:
           TRIGGER_SHA: ${{ github.sha }}
         run: |
           set -euo pipefail
+          if [[ "$EVENT_NAME" == "push" ]]; then
+            sleep 45
+          fi
+          . "$RUNNER_TEMP/github-api-backoff.sh"
           if [[ "$EVENT_NAME" == "push" ]]; then
             main_ref="$TRIGGER_SHA"
-            tag="$(gh release list --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" --exclude-drafts --limit 100 \
+            tag="$(gh_with_retry release list --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" --exclude-drafts --limit 100 \
               --json tagName,isPrerelease,publishedAt \
               --jq '[.[] | select(.isPrerelease | not) | select(.tagName | test("^v[0-9]{4}\\.[0-9]+\\.[0-9]+(-[0-9]+)?$"))] | sort_by(.publishedAt) | last | .tagName // empty')"
             if [[ -z "$tag" ]]; then
@@ -91,7 +119,7 @@ jobs:
           tag_package_content="$RUNNER_TEMP/tag-package-content.b64"
           tag_package_read=false
           for attempt in 1 2 3; do
-            if gh api "repos/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY/contents/package.json?ref=$tag" \
+            if gh_with_retry api "repos/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY/contents/package.json?ref=$tag" \
               --jq '.content' > "$tag_package_content"; then
               tag_package_read=true
               break
@@ -126,7 +154,7 @@ jobs:
           closeout_checksum_asset="${closeout_asset}.sha256"
           closeout_dir="$RUNNER_TEMP/release-closeout-evidence"
           mkdir -p "$closeout_dir"
-          gh release download "$tag" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
+          gh_with_retry release download "$tag" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
             --pattern "$closeout_asset" --pattern "$closeout_checksum_asset" --dir "$closeout_dir" || true
           closeout_json_path="$closeout_dir/$closeout_asset"
           closeout_checksum_path="$closeout_dir/$closeout_checksum_asset"
@@ -182,7 +210,7 @@ jobs:
           fi
           evidence_dir="$RUNNER_TEMP/release-postpublish-evidence"
           mkdir -p "$evidence_dir"
-          if ! gh release download "$evidence_source_tag" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
+          if ! gh_with_retry release download "$evidence_source_tag" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
             --pattern "$evidence_asset" --pattern "$evidence_checksum_asset" --dir "$evidence_dir"; then
             if [[ "$EVENT_NAME" == "push" ]]; then
               echo "Stable closeout skipped: $evidence_source_tag predates immutable postpublish evidence." >&2
@@ -272,6 +300,30 @@ jobs:
             exit 1
           fi
 
+      - name: Install GitHub API backoff helper
+        run: |
+          cat > "$RUNNER_TEMP/github-api-backoff.sh" <<'BASH'
+          gh_with_retry() {
+            local attempt output status lower_output
+            for attempt in 1 2 3 4 5; do
+              if output="$(gh "$@" 2>&1)"; then
+                printf '%s\n' "$output"
+                return 0
+              fi
+              status=$?
+              lower_output="${output,,}"
+              if [[ "$lower_output" != *"rate limit"* && "$output" != *"HTTP 429"* ]]; then
+                printf '%s\n' "$output" >&2
+                return "$status"
+              fi
+              echo "::warning::GitHub API throttled stable closeout on attempt ${attempt}; retrying after backoff." >&2
+              sleep $((attempt * attempt * 5))
+            done
+            printf '%s\n' "$output" >&2
+            return "$status"
+          }
+          BASH
+
       - name: Verify release workflow evidence
         env:
           GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
@@ -279,7 +331,8 @@ jobs:
           RELEASE_PUBLISH_RUN_ID: ${{ needs.resolve.outputs.release_publish_run_id }}
         run: |
           set -euo pipefail
-          gh run view "$FULL_RELEASE_VALIDATION_RUN_ID" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
+          . "$RUNNER_TEMP/github-api-backoff.sh"
+          gh_with_retry run view "$FULL_RELEASE_VALIDATION_RUN_ID" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
             --json workflowName,event,status,conclusion \
             > "$RUNNER_TEMP/full-release-validation-run.json"
           node --input-type=module - "$RUNNER_TEMP/full-release-validation-run.json" <<'NODE'
@@ -296,7 +349,7 @@ jobs:
             }
           }
           NODE
-          gh run view "$RELEASE_PUBLISH_RUN_ID" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
+          gh_with_retry run view "$RELEASE_PUBLISH_RUN_ID" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
             --json workflowName,event,status,conclusion \
             > "$RUNNER_TEMP/release-publish-run.json"
           node --input-type=module - "$RUNNER_TEMP/release-publish-run.json" <<'NODE'
@@ -317,7 +370,7 @@ jobs:
           manifest_dir="$RUNNER_TEMP/full-release-validation-manifest"
           rm -rf "$manifest_dir"
           mkdir -p "$manifest_dir"
-          gh run download "$FULL_RELEASE_VALIDATION_RUN_ID" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
+          gh_with_retry run download "$FULL_RELEASE_VALIDATION_RUN_ID" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
             --name "full-release-validation-${FULL_RELEASE_VALIDATION_RUN_ID}" \
             --dir "$manifest_dir"
           tag_sha="$(git -C "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/release-tag" rev-parse HEAD)"
@@ -346,7 +399,8 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           set -euo pipefail
           mkdir -p "$CLOSEOUT_DIR"
-          gh release view "$RELEASE_TAG" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
+          . "$RUNNER_TEMP/github-api-backoff.sh"
+          gh_with_retry release view "$RELEASE_TAG" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
             --json tagName,isDraft,isPrerelease,assets \
             > "$CLOSEOUT_DIR/github-release.json"
           node scripts/verify-stable-main-closeout.mjs \
@@ -372,13 +426,14 @@ jobs:
           CLOSEOUT_DIR: ${{ runner.temp }}/openclaw-stable-main-closeout
         run: |
           set -euo pipefail
+          . "$RUNNER_TEMP/github-api-backoff.sh"
           release_version="${RELEASE_TAG#v}"
           attach_or_verify() {
             local source_path="$1"
             local asset_name="$2"
             local existing_dir="$CLOSEOUT_DIR/existing-${asset_name}"
             mkdir -p "$existing_dir"
-            if gh release download "$RELEASE_TAG" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
+            if gh_with_retry release download "$RELEASE_TAG" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
               --pattern "$asset_name" --dir "$existing_dir"; then
               cmp --silent "$source_path" "$existing_dir/$asset_name" || {
                 echo "Existing release asset $asset_name differs from closeout evidence." >&2
@@ -386,7 +441,7 @@ jobs:
               }
               return
             fi
-            gh release upload "$RELEASE_TAG" "$source_path#$asset_name" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY"
+            gh_with_retry release upload "$RELEASE_TAG" "$source_path#$asset_name" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY"
           }
           attach_or_verify \
             "$CLOSEOUT_DIR/stable-main-closeout.json" \
diff --git a/.github/workflows/sandbox-common-smoke.yml b/.github/workflows/sandbox-common-smoke.yml
index 94024321520..ba31f4bba86 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/sandbox-common-smoke.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/sandbox-common-smoke.yml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ permissions:
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.pull_request.number || github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main') }}
 
 env:
   FORCE_JAVASCRIPT_ACTIONS_TO_NODE24: "true"