diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/chat-transcript-inject.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/chat-transcript-inject.ts
index be83ebe82c2..60fe9a83a9b 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/chat-transcript-inject.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/chat-transcript-inject.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { SessionManager } from "@mariozechner/pi-coding-agent";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../../infra/errors.js";
 import { emitSessionTranscriptUpdate } from "../../sessions/transcript-events.js";
 
 type AppendMessageArg = Parameters<SessionManager["appendMessage"]>[0];
@@ -110,6 +111,6 @@ export function appendInjectedAssistantMessageToTranscript(params: {
     });
     return { ok: true, messageId, message: messageBody };
   } catch (err) {
-    return { ok: false, error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err) };
+    return { ok: false, error: formatErrorMessage(err) };
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/chat.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/chat.ts
index cd33f70a3cf..86efe6beaff 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/chat.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/chat.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import type { MsgContext } from "../../auto-reply/templating.js";
 import { isSilentReplyText, SILENT_REPLY_TOKEN } from "../../auto-reply/tokens.js";
 import type { ReplyPayload } from "../../auto-reply/types.js";
 import { resolveSessionFilePath } from "../../config/sessions.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../../infra/errors.js";
 import { jsonUtf8Bytes } from "../../infra/json-utf8-bytes.js";
 import type { PromptImageOrderEntry } from "../../media/prompt-image-order.js";
 import { type SavedMedia, saveMediaBuffer } from "../../media/store.js";
@@ -859,7 +860,7 @@ function ensureTranscriptFile(params: { transcriptPath: string; sessionId: strin
     });
     return { ok: true };
   } catch (err) {
-    return { ok: false, error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err) };
+    return { ok: false, error: formatErrorMessage(err) };
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/config.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/config.ts
index a750f1170a1..6691127b80d 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/config.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/config.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import { loadGatewayRuntimeConfigSchema } from "../../config/runtime-schema.js";
 import { lookupConfigSchema, type ConfigSchemaResponse } from "../../config/schema.js";
 import { extractDeliveryInfo } from "../../config/sessions.js";
 import type { ConfigValidationIssue, OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/types.openclaw.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../../infra/errors.js";
 import {
   formatDoctorNonInteractiveHint,
   type RestartSentinelPayload,
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ async function ensureResolvableSecretRefsOrRespond(params: {
     });
     return true;
   } catch (error) {
-    const details = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+    const details = formatErrorMessage(error);
     params.respond(
       false,
       undefined,
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/cron.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/cron.ts
index 9ef5dd03019..edcc66a66c8 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/cron.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/cron.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
 } from "../../cron/run-log.js";
 import type { CronJobCreate, CronJobPatch } from "../../cron/types.js";
 import { validateScheduleTimestamp } from "../../cron/validate-timestamp.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../../infra/errors.js";
 import {
   ErrorCodes,
   errorShape,
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ export const cronHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
         undefined,
         errorShape(
           ErrorCodes.INVALID_REQUEST,
-          `invalid cron.add params: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
+          `invalid cron.add params: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`,
         ),
       );
       return;
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ export const cronHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
         undefined,
         errorShape(
           ErrorCodes.INVALID_REQUEST,
-          `invalid cron.update params: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
+          `invalid cron.update params: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`,
         ),
       );
       return;
@@ -249,7 +250,7 @@ export const cronHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
     try {
       result = await context.cron.enqueueRun(jobId, p.mode ?? "force");
     } catch (error) {
-      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+      const message = formatErrorMessage(error);
       if (message === "invalid cron sessionTarget session id") {
         respond(false, undefined, errorShape(ErrorCodes.INVALID_REQUEST, message));
         return;
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/nodes.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/nodes.ts
index 77446ecbd56..4564b238a32 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/nodes.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/nodes.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import { loadConfig } from "../../config/config.js";
 import { listDevicePairing } from "../../infra/device-pairing.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../../infra/errors.js";
 import {
   approveNodePairing,
   listNodePairing,
@@ -352,7 +353,7 @@ export async function maybeWakeNodeWithApns(
       });
     } catch (err) {
       // Best-effort wake only.
-      const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+      const message = formatErrorMessage(err);
       if (state.lastWakeAtMs === 0) {
         return withDuration({
           available: false,
@@ -451,7 +452,7 @@ export async function maybeSendNodeWakeNudge(nodeId: string): Promise<NodeWakeNu
       apnsReason: result.reason,
     });
   } catch (err) {
-    const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    const message = formatErrorMessage(err);
     return withDuration({
       sent: false,
       throttled: false,
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/sessions.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/sessions.ts
index 10e85c19b0f..3d241a557ee 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/sessions.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/sessions.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import {
   type SessionPatchHookContext,
   type SessionPatchHookEvent,
 } from "../../hooks/internal-hooks.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../../infra/errors.js";
 import {
   normalizeAgentId,
   parseAgentSessionKey,
@@ -306,7 +307,7 @@ function ensureSessionTranscriptFile(params: {
   } catch (err) {
     return {
       ok: false,
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: formatErrorMessage(err),
     };
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/gateway/server-methods/skills.ts b/src/gateway/server-methods/skills.ts
index 1beefbe9355..92f1558511b 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server-methods/skills.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server-methods/skills.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import { listAgentWorkspaceDirs } from "../../agents/workspace-dirs.js";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/config.js";
 import { loadConfig, writeConfigFile } from "../../config/config.js";
 import { fetchClawHubSkillDetail } from "../../infra/clawhub.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../../infra/errors.js";
 import { getRemoteSkillEligibility } from "../../infra/skills-remote.js";
 import { normalizeAgentId } from "../../routing/session-key.js";
 import { normalizeSecretInput } from "../../utils/normalize-secret-input.js";
@@ -146,11 +147,7 @@ export const skillsHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
       });
       respond(true, { results }, undefined);
     } catch (err) {
-      respond(
-        false,
-        undefined,
-        errorShape(ErrorCodes.UNAVAILABLE, err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)),
-      );
+      respond(false, undefined, errorShape(ErrorCodes.UNAVAILABLE, formatErrorMessage(err)));
     }
   },
   "skills.detail": async ({ params, respond }) => {
@@ -171,11 +168,7 @@ export const skillsHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
       });
       respond(true, detail, undefined);
     } catch (err) {
-      respond(
-        false,
-        undefined,
-        errorShape(ErrorCodes.UNAVAILABLE, err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)),
-      );
+      respond(false, undefined, errorShape(ErrorCodes.UNAVAILABLE, formatErrorMessage(err)));
     }
   },
   "skills.install": async ({ params, respond }) => {