diff --git a/src/cli/config-cli.test.ts b/src/cli/config-cli.test.ts
index 148dcfa84d5..cf176b44015 100644
--- a/src/cli/config-cli.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/config-cli.test.ts
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ vi.mock("../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => {
       ...actual.defaultRuntime,
       log: (...args: unknown[]) => mockLog(...args),
       error: (...args: unknown[]) => mockError(...args),
-      exit: (code: number) => mockExit(code),
       writeStdout: (value: string) => mockLog(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value),
       writeJson: (value: unknown, space = 2) =>
         mockLog(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined)),
+      exit: (code: number) => mockExit(code),
     },
   };
 });
diff --git a/src/cli/cron-cli.test.ts b/src/cli/cron-cli.test.ts
index 4988af09a1a..9ecc104f5e2 100644
--- a/src/cli/cron-cli.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/cron-cli.test.ts
@@ -25,17 +25,24 @@ vi.mock("./gateway-rpc.js", async () => {
   };
 });
 
-vi.mock("../runtime.js", () => ({
-  defaultRuntime: {
-    log: vi.fn(),
-    error: vi.fn(),
-    writeStdout: vi.fn(),
-    writeJson: vi.fn(),
-    exit: (code: number) => {
-      throw new Error(`__exit__:${code}`);
+vi.mock("../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof import("../runtime.js")>();
+  const log = vi.fn();
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    defaultRuntime: {
+      ...actual.defaultRuntime,
+      log,
+      error: vi.fn(),
+      writeStdout: (value: string) => log(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value),
+      writeJson: (value: unknown, space = 2) =>
+        log(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined)),
+      exit: (code: number) => {
+        throw new Error(`__exit__:${code}`);
+      },
     },
-  },
-}));
+  };
+});
 
 const { registerCronCli } = await import("./cron-cli.js");
 
diff --git a/src/cli/daemon-cli.coverage.test.ts b/src/cli/daemon-cli.coverage.test.ts
index 8faf44cdde3..765c920d624 100644
--- a/src/cli/daemon-cli.coverage.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/daemon-cli.coverage.test.ts
@@ -81,7 +81,8 @@ vi.mock("../infra/ports.js", () => ({
   formatPortDiagnostics: () => ["Port 18789 is already in use."],
 }));
 
-vi.mock("../runtime.js", () => ({
+vi.mock("../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<typeof import("../runtime.js")>()),
   defaultRuntime,
 }));
 
diff --git a/src/cli/daemon-cli/install.integration.test.ts b/src/cli/daemon-cli/install.integration.test.ts
index 52272b61f55..92e9aff2cad 100644
--- a/src/cli/daemon-cli/install.integration.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/daemon-cli/install.integration.test.ts
@@ -24,21 +24,24 @@ vi.mock("../../daemon/service.js", () => ({
   resolveGatewayService: () => serviceMock,
 }));
 
-vi.mock("../../runtime.js", () => ({
-  defaultRuntime: {
-    log: (message: string) => runtimeLogs.push(message),
-    error: (message: string) => runtimeErrors.push(message),
-    writeStdout: (value: string) => {
-      runtimeLogs.push(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value);
+vi.mock("../../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof import("../../runtime.js")>();
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    defaultRuntime: {
+      ...actual.defaultRuntime,
+      log: (message: string) => runtimeLogs.push(message),
+      error: (message: string) => runtimeErrors.push(message),
+      writeStdout: (value: string) =>
+        runtimeLogs.push(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value),
+      writeJson: (value: unknown, space = 2) =>
+        runtimeLogs.push(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined)),
+      exit: (code: number) => {
+        throw new Error(`__exit__:${code}`);
+      },
     },
-    writeJson: (value: unknown, space = 2) => {
-      runtimeLogs.push(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined));
-    },
-    exit: (code: number) => {
-      throw new Error(`__exit__:${code}`);
-    },
-  },
-}));
+  };
+});
 
 const { runDaemonInstall } = await import("./install.js");
 const { clearConfigCache } = await import("../../config/config.js");
diff --git a/src/cli/daemon-cli/test-helpers/lifecycle-core-harness.ts b/src/cli/daemon-cli/test-helpers/lifecycle-core-harness.ts
index 7ecf4aac9ab..e79df93173a 100644
--- a/src/cli/daemon-cli/test-helpers/lifecycle-core-harness.ts
+++ b/src/cli/daemon-cli/test-helpers/lifecycle-core-harness.ts
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ export const runtimeLogs: string[] = [];
 type LifecycleRuntimeHarness = OutputRuntimeEnv & {
   error: MockFn<OutputRuntimeEnv["error"]>;
   exit: MockFn<OutputRuntimeEnv["exit"]>;
-  writeStdout: MockFn<(value: string) => void>;
-  writeJson: MockFn<(value: unknown, space?: number) => void>;
 };
 
 type LifecycleServiceHarness = GatewayService & {
@@ -26,16 +24,16 @@ export const defaultRuntime: LifecycleRuntimeHarness = {
   log: (...args: unknown[]) => {
     runtimeLogs.push(args.map((arg) => String(arg)).join(" "));
   },
+  writeStdout: (value: string) => {
+    runtimeLogs.push(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value);
+  },
+  writeJson: (value: unknown, space = 2) => {
+    runtimeLogs.push(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined));
+  },
   error: vi.fn(),
   exit: vi.fn((code: number) => {
     throw new Error(`__exit__:${code}`);
   }),
-  writeStdout: vi.fn((value: string) => {
-    runtimeLogs.push(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value);
-  }),
-  writeJson: vi.fn((value: unknown, space = 2) => {
-    runtimeLogs.push(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined));
-  }),
 };
 
 export const service: LifecycleServiceHarness = {
diff --git a/src/cli/devices-cli.test.ts b/src/cli/devices-cli.test.ts
index bf3627fc72e..e3c58cfcee8 100644
--- a/src/cli/devices-cli.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/devices-cli.test.ts
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@ vi.mock("../infra/device-pairing.js", () => ({
   summarizeDeviceTokens,
 }));
 
-vi.mock("../runtime.js", () => ({
+vi.mock("../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<typeof import("../runtime.js")>()),
   defaultRuntime: runtime,
 }));
 
diff --git a/src/cli/directory-cli.test.ts b/src/cli/directory-cli.test.ts
index f2e2208bf54..d1f32aa8207 100644
--- a/src/cli/directory-cli.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/directory-cli.test.ts
@@ -35,16 +35,21 @@ vi.mock("../channels/plugins/helpers.js", () => ({
   resolveChannelDefaultAccountId: mocks.resolveChannelDefaultAccountId,
 }));
 
-vi.mock("../runtime.js", () => ({
-  defaultRuntime: {
-    log: (...args: unknown[]) => mocks.log(...args),
-    error: (...args: unknown[]) => mocks.error(...args),
-    writeStdout: (value: string) => mocks.log(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value),
-    writeJson: (value: unknown, space = 2) =>
-      mocks.log(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined)),
-    exit: (...args: unknown[]) => mocks.exit(...args),
-  },
-}));
+vi.mock("../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof import("../runtime.js")>();
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    defaultRuntime: {
+      ...actual.defaultRuntime,
+      log: (...args: unknown[]) => mocks.log(...args),
+      error: (...args: unknown[]) => mocks.error(...args),
+      writeStdout: (value: string) => mocks.log(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value),
+      writeJson: (value: unknown, space = 2) =>
+        mocks.log(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined)),
+      exit: (...args: unknown[]) => mocks.exit(...args),
+    },
+  };
+});
 
 describe("registerDirectoryCli", () => {
   beforeEach(() => {
diff --git a/src/cli/gateway-cli.coverage.test.ts b/src/cli/gateway-cli.coverage.test.ts
index 394a5d680d6..3beac2f67fa 100644
--- a/src/cli/gateway-cli.coverage.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/gateway-cli.coverage.test.ts
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ vi.mock("../globals.js", () => ({
   setVerbose: (enabled: boolean) => setVerbose(enabled),
 }));
 
-vi.mock("../runtime.js", () => ({
+vi.mock("../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<typeof import("../runtime.js")>()),
   defaultRuntime,
 }));
 
diff --git a/src/cli/gateway-cli/register.option-collisions.test.ts b/src/cli/gateway-cli/register.option-collisions.test.ts
index 665886c76eb..d8ffe706b10 100644
--- a/src/cli/gateway-cli/register.option-collisions.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/gateway-cli/register.option-collisions.test.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ vi.mock("../cli-utils.js", () => ({
   },
 }));
 
-vi.mock("../../runtime.js", () => ({
+vi.mock("../../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<typeof import("../../runtime.js")>()),
   defaultRuntime,
 }));
 
diff --git a/src/cli/mcp-cli.test.ts b/src/cli/mcp-cli.test.ts
index eb2f0fbdb73..a7defd5c5ba 100644
--- a/src/cli/mcp-cli.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/mcp-cli.test.ts
@@ -11,16 +11,21 @@ const mockExit = vi.fn((code: number) => {
   throw new Error(`__exit__:${code}`);
 });
 
-vi.mock("../runtime.js", () => ({
-  defaultRuntime: {
-    log: (...args: unknown[]) => mockLog(...args),
-    error: (...args: unknown[]) => mockError(...args),
-    writeStdout: (value: string) => mockLog(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value),
-    writeJson: (value: unknown, space = 2) =>
-      mockLog(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined)),
-    exit: (code: number) => mockExit(code),
-  },
-}));
+vi.mock("../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof import("../runtime.js")>();
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    defaultRuntime: {
+      ...actual.defaultRuntime,
+      log: (...args: unknown[]) => mockLog(...args),
+      error: (...args: unknown[]) => mockError(...args),
+      writeStdout: (value: string) => mockLog(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value),
+      writeJson: (value: unknown, space = 2) =>
+        mockLog(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined)),
+      exit: (code: number) => mockExit(code),
+    },
+  };
+});
 
 const tempDirs: string[] = [];
 
diff --git a/src/cli/memory-cli.test.ts b/src/cli/memory-cli.test.ts
index ac55bd07cce..1bf9874854c 100644
--- a/src/cli/memory-cli.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/memory-cli.test.ts
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ describe("memory cli", () => {
   function spyRuntimeLogs() {
     const logSpy = vi.spyOn(defaultRuntime, "log").mockImplementation(() => {});
     vi.spyOn(defaultRuntime, "writeJson").mockImplementation((value: unknown, space = 2) => {
-      logSpy(JSON.stringify(value, null, space));
+      logSpy(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined));
     });
     return logSpy;
   }
diff --git a/src/cli/nodes-cli.coverage.test.ts b/src/cli/nodes-cli.coverage.test.ts
index 81d0f17c07c..99a21580100 100644
--- a/src/cli/nodes-cli.coverage.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/nodes-cli.coverage.test.ts
@@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ vi.mock("../gateway/call.js", () => ({
   randomIdempotencyKey: () => randomIdempotencyKey(),
 }));
 
-vi.mock("../runtime.js", () => ({
+vi.mock("../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<typeof import("../runtime.js")>()),
   defaultRuntime,
 }));
 
diff --git a/src/cli/qr-cli.test.ts b/src/cli/qr-cli.test.ts
index c7d54a6247a..ef0361fe242 100644
--- a/src/cli/qr-cli.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/qr-cli.test.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,10 @@ const mocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   }),
 }));
 
-vi.mock("../runtime.js", () => ({ defaultRuntime: mocks.runtime }));
+vi.mock("../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<typeof import("../runtime.js")>()),
+  defaultRuntime: mocks.runtime,
+}));
 vi.mock("../config/config.js", () => ({ loadConfig: mocks.loadConfig }));
 vi.mock("../process/exec.js", () => ({ runCommandWithTimeout: mocks.runCommandWithTimeout }));
 vi.mock("./command-secret-gateway.js", () => ({
diff --git a/src/cli/system-cli.test.ts b/src/cli/system-cli.test.ts
index 3b0cfeb84a0..7d86b503440 100644
--- a/src/cli/system-cli.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/system-cli.test.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ vi.mock("./gateway-rpc.js", () => ({
   callGatewayFromCli,
 }));
 
-vi.mock("../runtime.js", () => ({
+vi.mock("../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => ({
+  ...(await importOriginal<typeof import("../runtime.js")>()),
   defaultRuntime,
 }));
 
diff --git a/src/cli/test-runtime-capture.ts b/src/cli/test-runtime-capture.ts
index 6ff5df0b0de..02fbb63fdb1 100644
--- a/src/cli/test-runtime-capture.ts
+++ b/src/cli/test-runtime-capture.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type { OutputRuntimeEnv } from "../runtime.js";
 export type CliRuntimeCapture = {
   runtimeLogs: string[];
   runtimeErrors: string[];
-  defaultRuntime: Pick<OutputRuntimeEnv, "log" | "error" | "exit" | "writeJson" | "writeStdout">;
+  defaultRuntime: Pick<OutputRuntimeEnv, "log" | "error" | "exit" | "writeStdout" | "writeJson">;
   resetRuntimeCapture: () => void;
 };
 
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ export function createCliRuntimeCapture(): CliRuntimeCapture {
   const runtimeLogs: string[] = [];
   const runtimeErrors: string[] = [];
   const stringifyArgs = (args: unknown[]) => args.map((value) => String(value)).join(" ");
+  const writeLine = (value: string) => {
+    runtimeLogs.push(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value);
+  };
   return {
     runtimeLogs,
     runtimeErrors,
@@ -22,10 +25,10 @@ export function createCliRuntimeCapture(): CliRuntimeCapture {
         runtimeErrors.push(stringifyArgs(args));
       },
       writeStdout: (value: string) => {
-        runtimeLogs.push(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value);
+        writeLine(value);
       },
       writeJson: (value: unknown, space = 2) => {
-        runtimeLogs.push(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined));
+        writeLine(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined));
       },
       exit: (code: number) => {
         throw new Error(`__exit__:${code}`);
diff --git a/src/cli/update-cli.test.ts b/src/cli/update-cli.test.ts
index 1433c25e5ee..c57082f1b39 100644
--- a/src/cli/update-cli.test.ts
+++ b/src/cli/update-cli.test.ts
@@ -25,12 +25,6 @@ const formatPortDiagnostics = vi.fn();
 const pathExists = vi.fn();
 const syncPluginsForUpdateChannel = vi.fn();
 const updateNpmInstalledPlugins = vi.fn();
-const runtimeLog = vi.fn();
-const runtimeError = vi.fn();
-const runtimeExit = vi.fn();
-const runtimeWriteJson = vi.fn((value: unknown, space = 2) =>
-  runtimeLog(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined)),
-);
 
 vi.mock("@clack/prompts", () => ({
   confirm,
@@ -135,17 +129,22 @@ vi.mock("./daemon-cli.js", () => ({
 }));
 
 // Mock the runtime
-vi.mock("../runtime.js", () => ({
-  defaultRuntime: {
-    log: runtimeLog,
-    error: runtimeError,
-    exit: runtimeExit,
-    writeStdout: vi.fn((value: string) =>
-      runtimeLog(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value),
-    ),
-    writeJson: runtimeWriteJson,
-  },
-}));
+vi.mock("../runtime.js", async (importOriginal) => {
+  const actual = await importOriginal<typeof import("../runtime.js")>();
+  const log = vi.fn();
+  return {
+    ...actual,
+    defaultRuntime: {
+      ...actual.defaultRuntime,
+      log,
+      error: vi.fn(),
+      writeStdout: (value: string) => log(value.endsWith("\n") ? value.slice(0, -1) : value),
+      writeJson: (value: unknown, space = 2) =>
+        log(JSON.stringify(value, null, space > 0 ? space : undefined)),
+      exit: vi.fn(),
+    },
+  };
+});
 
 const { runGatewayUpdate } = await import("../infra/update-runner.js");
 const { resolveOpenClawPackageRoot } = await import("../infra/openclaw-root.js");