diff --git a/src/agents/bash-tools.process.ts b/src/agents/bash-tools.process.ts
index f066cfc154c..3fa32438f57 100644
--- a/src/agents/bash-tools.process.ts
+++ b/src/agents/bash-tools.process.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,24 @@ type WritableStdin = {
 };
 const DEFAULT_LOG_TAIL_LINES = 200;
 
+function resolveLogSliceWindow(offset?: number, limit?: number) {
+  const usingDefaultTail = offset === undefined && limit === undefined;
+  const effectiveLimit =
+    typeof limit === "number" && Number.isFinite(limit)
+      ? limit
+      : usingDefaultTail
+        ? DEFAULT_LOG_TAIL_LINES
+        : undefined;
+  return { effectiveOffset: offset, effectiveLimit, usingDefaultTail };
+}
+
+function defaultTailNote(totalLines: number, usingDefaultTail: boolean) {
+  if (!usingDefaultTail || totalLines <= DEFAULT_LOG_TAIL_LINES) {
+    return "";
+  }
+  return `\n\n[showing last ${DEFAULT_LOG_TAIL_LINES} of ${totalLines} lines; pass offset/limit to page]`;
+}
+
 const processSchema = Type.Object({
   action: Type.String({ description: "Process action" }),
   sessionId: Type.Optional(Type.String({ description: "Session id for actions other than list" })),
@@ -295,25 +313,15 @@ export function createProcessTool(
                 details: { status: "failed" },
               };
             }
-            const effectiveOffset = params.offset;
-            const usingDefaultTail = params.offset === undefined && params.limit === undefined;
-            const effectiveLimit =
-              typeof params.limit === "number" && Number.isFinite(params.limit)
-                ? params.limit
-                : usingDefaultTail
-                  ? DEFAULT_LOG_TAIL_LINES
-                  : undefined;
+            const window = resolveLogSliceWindow(params.offset, params.limit);
             const { slice, totalLines, totalChars } = sliceLogLines(
               scopedSession.aggregated,
-              effectiveOffset,
-              effectiveLimit,
+              window.effectiveOffset,
+              window.effectiveLimit,
             );
-            const defaultTailNote =
-              usingDefaultTail && totalLines > DEFAULT_LOG_TAIL_LINES
-                ? `\n\n[showing last ${DEFAULT_LOG_TAIL_LINES} of ${totalLines} lines; pass offset/limit to page]`
-                : "";
+            const logDefaultTailNote = defaultTailNote(totalLines, window.usingDefaultTail);
             return {
-              content: [{ type: "text", text: (slice || "(no output yet)") + defaultTailNote }],
+              content: [{ type: "text", text: (slice || "(no output yet)") + logDefaultTailNote }],
               details: {
                 status: scopedSession.exited ? "completed" : "running",
                 sessionId: params.sessionId,
@@ -326,27 +334,17 @@ export function createProcessTool(
             };
           }
           if (scopedFinished) {
-            const effectiveOffset = params.offset;
-            const usingDefaultTail = params.offset === undefined && params.limit === undefined;
-            const effectiveLimit =
-              typeof params.limit === "number" && Number.isFinite(params.limit)
-                ? params.limit
-                : usingDefaultTail
-                  ? DEFAULT_LOG_TAIL_LINES
-                  : undefined;
+            const window = resolveLogSliceWindow(params.offset, params.limit);
             const { slice, totalLines, totalChars } = sliceLogLines(
               scopedFinished.aggregated,
-              effectiveOffset,
-              effectiveLimit,
+              window.effectiveOffset,
+              window.effectiveLimit,
             );
             const status = scopedFinished.status === "completed" ? "completed" : "failed";
-            const defaultTailNote =
-              usingDefaultTail && totalLines > DEFAULT_LOG_TAIL_LINES
-                ? `\n\n[showing last ${DEFAULT_LOG_TAIL_LINES} of ${totalLines} lines; pass offset/limit to page]`
-                : "";
+            const logDefaultTailNote = defaultTailNote(totalLines, window.usingDefaultTail);
             return {
               content: [
-                { type: "text", text: (slice || "(no output recorded)") + defaultTailNote },
+                { type: "text", text: (slice || "(no output recorded)") + logDefaultTailNote },
               ],
               details: {
                 status,
diff --git a/src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers/bootstrap.ts b/src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers/bootstrap.ts
index 677c474b53d..8a86206ce6c 100644
--- a/src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers/bootstrap.ts
+++ b/src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers/bootstrap.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import path from "node:path";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/config.js";
 import type { WorkspaceBootstrapFile } from "../workspace.js";
 import type { EmbeddedContextFile } from "./types.js";
+import { truncateUtf16Safe } from "../../utils.js";
 
 type ContentBlockWithSignature = {
   thought_signature?: unknown;
@@ -153,10 +154,10 @@ function clampToBudget(content: string, budget: number): string {
     return content;
   }
   if (budget <= 3) {
-    return content.slice(0, budget);
+    return truncateUtf16Safe(content, budget);
   }
   const safe = Math.max(1, budget - 1);
-  return `${content.slice(0, safe)}…`;
+  return `${truncateUtf16Safe(content, safe)}…`;
 }
 
 export async function ensureSessionHeader(params: {