diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt
index d703384a91c5..de862d303b38 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/chat/ChatController.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayRequestNotEnqueued
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayRequestOutcomeUnknown
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewaySession
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.parseChatSendAck
-import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeString
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.NativeText
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeText
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.resolveOptionalNativeText
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.verbatimText
 import ai.openclaw.app.parseGatewayModels
 import ai.openclaw.app.resolveAgentIdFromMainSessionKey
 import ai.openclaw.app.ui.chat.thinkingSupportedForSelection
@@ -120,8 +123,8 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
   private val _historyLoading = MutableStateFlow(false)
   val historyLoading: StateFlow<Boolean> = _historyLoading.asStateFlow()
 
-  private val _errorText = MutableStateFlow<String?>(null)
-  val errorText: StateFlow<String?> = _errorText.asStateFlow()
+  private val _errorText = MutableStateFlow<NativeText?>(null)
+  val errorText: StateFlow<String?> = _errorText.resolveOptionalNativeText()
 
   private val _healthOk = MutableStateFlow(false)
   val healthOk: StateFlow<Boolean> = _healthOk.asStateFlow()
@@ -209,6 +212,14 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
   private fun updateErrorText(
     message: String?,
     historyGeneration: Long? = null,
+  ) {
+    _errorText.value = message?.let(::verbatimText)
+    historyLoadErrorGeneration = historyGeneration
+  }
+
+  private fun updateLocalizedErrorText(
+    message: NativeText?,
+    historyGeneration: Long? = null,
   ) {
     _errorText.value = message
     historyLoadErrorGeneration = historyGeneration
@@ -702,7 +713,7 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
     val parentKey = normalizeRequestedSessionKey(_sessionKey.value)
     if (parentKey.isEmpty()) return false
     if (_pendingRunCount.value > 0) {
-      updateErrorText(nativeString("Wait for the current response to finish before starting a new chat."))
+      updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Wait for the current response to finish before starting a new chat."))
       return false
     }
     if (!newChatCreateInFlight.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
@@ -799,7 +810,7 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
           } catch (err: CancellationException) {
             throw err
           } catch (err: Throwable) {
-            updateErrorText(err.message ?: nativeString("Could not update model."))
+            updateLocalizedErrorText(err.message?.let(::verbatimText) ?: nativeText("Could not update model."))
             false
           }
         }
@@ -947,7 +958,7 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
       when (val outbox = commandOutbox) {
         null -> {
           if (!_healthOk.value) {
-            updateErrorText(nativeString("Gateway health not OK; cannot send"))
+            updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Gateway health not OK; cannot send"))
             return false
           }
           null
@@ -1078,7 +1089,7 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
               // Terminal timeout/error means the gateway did not accept a runnable turn.
               // Surface failed acceptance instead of letting a cleared composer look successful.
               unresolvedRepliesByRunId.remove(actualRunId)
-              updateErrorText(nativeString("Chat failed before the run started; try again."))
+              updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Chat failed before the run started; try again."))
               // The parked row owns the input; restoring the draft would duplicate it.
               journaled != null
             }
@@ -1821,7 +1832,7 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
     attachments: List<OutgoingAttachment>,
   ): ChatOutboxItem? {
     if (outboxScope == null) {
-      updateErrorText(nativeString("Gateway health not OK; cannot send"))
+      updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Gateway health not OK; cannot send"))
       return null
     }
     val payloads =
@@ -1836,7 +1847,7 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
           )
         }
       } catch (_: IllegalArgumentException) {
-        updateErrorText(nativeString("Could not stage an attachment for sending."))
+        updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Could not stage an attachment for sending."))
         return null
       }
     // Slash commands are connection-gated: they may auto-send only inside the connection epoch
@@ -1856,7 +1867,7 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
       } catch (err: CancellationException) {
         throw err
       } catch (_: Throwable) {
-        updateErrorText(nativeString("Could not queue message for later delivery."))
+        updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Could not queue message for later delivery."))
         return null
       }
     return when (result) {
@@ -1866,19 +1877,19 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
         result.item
       }
       ChatOutboxEnqueueResult.QueueFull -> {
-        updateErrorText(nativeString("Offline queue is full (\$OUTBOX_MAX_QUEUED messages); delete queued items first.", OUTBOX_MAX_QUEUED))
+        updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Offline queue is full (\$OUTBOX_MAX_QUEUED messages); delete queued items first.", OUTBOX_MAX_QUEUED))
         null
       }
       ChatOutboxEnqueueResult.AttachmentsTooLarge -> {
-        updateErrorText(nativeString("Attachments are too large to queue for one message; remove some and try again."))
+        updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Attachments are too large to queue for one message; remove some and try again."))
         null
       }
       ChatOutboxEnqueueResult.StorageFull -> {
-        updateErrorText(nativeString("Offline attachment storage is full; delete queued items first."))
+        updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Offline attachment storage is full; delete queued items first."))
         null
       }
       ChatOutboxEnqueueResult.Unavailable -> {
-        updateErrorText(nativeString("Gateway health not OK; cannot send"))
+        updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Gateway health not OK; cannot send"))
         null
       }
     }
@@ -2484,7 +2495,13 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
             pendingToolCallsById.clear()
             publishPendingToolCalls()
             _streamingAssistantText.value = null
-            updateErrorText(if (state == "error") payload["errorMessage"].asStringOrNull() ?: nativeString("Chat failed") else null)
+            updateLocalizedErrorText(
+              if (state == "error") {
+                payload["errorMessage"].asStringOrNull()?.let(::verbatimText) ?: nativeText("Chat failed")
+              } else {
+                null
+              },
+            )
           }
           refreshCurrentHistoryBestEffort(updateSessionInfo = true)
           return
@@ -2498,7 +2515,7 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
           return
         }
         if (state == "error") {
-          updateErrorText(payload["errorMessage"].asStringOrNull() ?: nativeString("Chat failed"))
+          updateLocalizedErrorText(payload["errorMessage"].asStringOrNull()?.let(::verbatimText) ?: nativeText("Chat failed"))
         }
         if (runId != null) {
           clearPendingRun(runId)
@@ -2601,7 +2618,7 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
         }
       }
       "error" -> {
-        updateErrorText(nativeString("Event stream interrupted; try refreshing."))
+        updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Event stream interrupted; try refreshing."))
         clearPendingRuns()
         pendingToolCallsById.clear()
         publishPendingToolCalls()
@@ -2681,7 +2698,7 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
         unresolvedRepliesByRunId.remove(runId)
         terminalWithoutReplyRunIds.remove(runId)
         timedOutRunIds.add(runId)
-        updateErrorText(nativeString("Timed out waiting for a reply; try again or refresh."))
+        updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Timed out waiting for a reply; try again or refresh."))
         // The optimistic bubble is gone, so the journaled row must stay visible for review;
         // history proof still retires it later if the turn did persist.
         parkUnconfirmedDurableSend(runId)
@@ -2873,7 +2890,7 @@ class ChatController internal constructor(
         unresolvedRunIds.forEach(::removeOptimisticMessage)
         unresolvedRunIds.forEach(unresolvedRepliesByRunId::remove)
         unresolvedRunIds.forEach(terminalWithoutReplyRunIds::remove)
-        updateErrorText(nativeString("Timed out confirming the sent message; refresh to check delivery."))
+        updateLocalizedErrorText(nativeText("Timed out confirming the sent message; refresh to check delivery."))
         // Ownership expired without proof; keep the journaled copies visible for manual review.
         for (unresolvedRunId in unresolvedRunIds) {
           parkUnconfirmedDurableSend(unresolvedRunId)
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/VoiceScreen.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/VoiceScreen.kt
index a20bfa842fb1..aa36e0957f64 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/VoiceScreen.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/VoiceScreen.kt
@@ -546,7 +546,12 @@ private fun TalkTranscript(
       items(entries.takeLast(6), key = { it.id }) { entry ->
         TalkTranscriptCard(
           label = if (entry.role == VoiceConversationRole.User) nativeString("You") else nativeString("OpenClaw"),
-          text = if (entry.isStreaming && entry.text.isBlank()) nativeString("Listening response...") else entry.text,
+          text =
+            if (entry.isStreaming && entry.text.isBlank()) {
+              nativeString("Listening response...")
+            } else {
+              entry.localizedSource?.let(::nativeString) ?: entry.text
+            },
           muted = entry.isStreaming,
         )
       }
@@ -1047,7 +1052,7 @@ private fun VoiceTurnCard(entry: VoiceConversationEntry) {
             if (entry.isStreaming && entry.text.isBlank()) {
               nativeString("Listening...")
             } else {
-              entry.text
+              entry.localizedSource?.let(::nativeString) ?: entry.text
             },
           style = ClawTheme.type.body,
           color = ClawTheme.colors.text,
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/MicCaptureManager.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/MicCaptureManager.kt
index 0f1d8503e677..f66e32b89f40 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/MicCaptureManager.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/MicCaptureManager.kt
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app.voice
 
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.ChatSendAck
-import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeString
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.NativeText
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeText
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.resolveNativeText
 import android.Manifest
 import android.annotation.SuppressLint
 import android.content.Context
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@ data class VoiceConversationEntry(
   val role: VoiceConversationRole,
   val text: String,
   val isStreaming: Boolean = false,
+  val localizedSource: String? = null,
 )
 
 internal data class GatewayTranscriptionSession(
@@ -88,8 +91,8 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
   private val _isListening = MutableStateFlow(false)
   val isListening: StateFlow<Boolean> = _isListening
 
-  private val _statusText = MutableStateFlow("Mic off")
-  val statusText: StateFlow<String> = _statusText
+  private val _statusText = MutableStateFlow<NativeText>(nativeText("Mic off"))
+  val statusText: StateFlow<String> = _statusText.resolveNativeText()
 
   private val _liveTranscript = MutableStateFlow<String?>(null)
   val liveTranscript: StateFlow<String?> = _liveTranscript
@@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
           }
         }
       if (pausedForTts) {
-        _statusText.value = if (_isSending.value) nativeString("Speaking · waiting for reply") else nativeString("Speaking…")
+        _statusText.value = if (_isSending.value) nativeText("Speaking · waiting for reply") else nativeText("Speaking…")
         return
       }
       transcriptionDrainJob?.cancel()
@@ -226,7 +229,7 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
         _isListening.value = false
         _inputLevel.value = 0f
         _liveTranscript.value = null
-        _statusText.value = if (_isSending.value) nativeString("Speaking · waiting for reply") else nativeString("Speaking…")
+        _statusText.value = if (_isSending.value) nativeText("Speaking · waiting for reply") else nativeText("Speaking…")
         true
       }
     if (!shouldPause) return
@@ -245,10 +248,10 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
         if (!resume) {
           _statusText.value =
             when {
-              _micEnabled.value && _isSending.value -> nativeString("Listening · sending queued voice")
-              _micEnabled.value -> nativeString("Listening")
-              _isSending.value -> nativeString("Mic off · sending…")
-              else -> nativeString("Mic off")
+              _micEnabled.value && _isSending.value -> nativeText("Listening · sending queued voice")
+              _micEnabled.value -> nativeText("Listening")
+              _isSending.value -> nativeText("Mic off · sending…")
+              else -> nativeText("Mic off")
             }
         }
         resume
@@ -305,7 +308,7 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
     _isSending.value = false
     stopRequested = true
     stopTranscription(preserveStatus = true)
-    _statusText.value = if (_micEnabled.value) nativeString("Mic on · waiting for gateway") else nativeString("Mic off")
+    _statusText.value = if (_micEnabled.value) nativeText("Mic on · waiting for gateway") else nativeText("Mic off")
   }
 
   internal fun submitTranscribedMessage(text: String) {
@@ -370,7 +373,12 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
         completePendingTurn()
       }
       "aborted" -> {
-        upsertPendingAssistant(text = nativeString("Response aborted"), isStreaming = false)
+        val abortedText = nativeText("Response aborted")
+        upsertPendingAssistant(
+          text = abortedText.resolveNativeText(),
+          isStreaming = false,
+          localizedSource = abortedText.source,
+        )
         completePendingTurn()
       }
     }
@@ -379,12 +387,12 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
   private fun start() {
     stopRequested = false
     if (!hasMicPermission()) {
-      _statusText.value = nativeString("Microphone permission required")
+      _statusText.value = nativeText("Microphone permission required")
       _micEnabled.value = false
       return
     }
     if (!gatewayConnected) {
-      _statusText.value = nativeString("Mic on · waiting for gateway")
+      _statusText.value = nativeText("Mic on · waiting for gateway")
       return
     }
     if (transcriptionSession != null || transcriptionStartJob?.isActive == true) return
@@ -409,7 +417,7 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
             return@launch
           }
           val message = err.message ?: err::class.simpleName.orEmpty()
-          _statusText.value = nativeString("Transcription unavailable: \$message", message)
+          _statusText.value = nativeText("Transcription unavailable: \$message", message)
           _micEnabled.value = false
           stopTranscription(preserveStatus = true)
         } finally {
@@ -448,7 +456,7 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
     _isListening.value = false
     _inputLevel.value = 0f
     if (!preserveStatus) {
-      _statusText.value = if (_isSending.value) nativeString("Mic off · sending…") else nativeString("Mic off")
+      _statusText.value = if (_isSending.value) nativeText("Mic off · sending…") else nativeText("Mic off")
     } else {
       _statusText.value = status
     }
@@ -499,9 +507,9 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
     if (_isSending.value) return
     if (!hasQueuedMessages()) {
       if (_micEnabled.value) {
-        _statusText.value = nativeString("Listening")
+        _statusText.value = nativeText("Listening")
       } else {
-        _statusText.value = nativeString("Mic off")
+        _statusText.value = nativeText("Mic off")
       }
       return
     }
@@ -514,7 +522,7 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
     _isSending.value = true
     pendingRunTimeoutJob?.cancel()
     pendingRunTimeoutJob = null
-    _statusText.value = if (_micEnabled.value) nativeString("Listening · sending queued voice") else nativeString("Sending queued voice")
+    _statusText.value = if (_micEnabled.value) nativeText("Listening · sending queued voice") else nativeText("Sending queued voice")
 
     val sendGeneration = gatewayGeneration
     sendJob =
@@ -539,7 +547,7 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
             }
             ack.isTerminalFailure -> {
               completePendingTurn()
-              _statusText.value = nativeString("Send failed: Chat failed before the run started; try again.")
+              _statusText.value = nativeText("Send failed: Chat failed before the run started; try again.")
             }
             runId == null -> {
               completePendingTurn()
@@ -561,7 +569,7 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
             if (!gatewayConnected) {
               queuedWaitingStatus()
             } else {
-              "Send failed: ${err.message ?: err::class.simpleName}"
+              nativeText("Send failed: \$message", err.message ?: err::class.simpleName.orEmpty())
             }
         } finally {
           if (sendGeneration == gatewayGeneration) {
@@ -582,7 +590,7 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
         _isSending.value = false
         _statusText.value =
           if (gatewayConnected) {
-            "Voice reply timed out; retrying queued turn"
+            nativeText("Voice reply timed out; retrying queued turn")
           } else {
             queuedWaitingStatus()
           }
@@ -602,17 +610,26 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
     sendQueuedIfIdle()
   }
 
-  private fun queuedWaitingStatus(): String = nativeString("\${queuedMessageCount()} queued · waiting for gateway", queuedMessageCount())
+  private fun queuedWaitingStatus(): NativeText = nativeText("\${queuedMessageCount()} queued · waiting for gateway", queuedMessageCount())
 
   private fun appendConversation(
     role: VoiceConversationRole,
     text: String,
     isStreaming: Boolean = false,
+    localizedSource: String? = null,
   ): String {
     val id = UUID.randomUUID().toString()
     _conversation.value =
-      (_conversation.value + VoiceConversationEntry(id = id, role = role, text = text, isStreaming = isStreaming))
-        .takeLast(maxConversationEntries)
+      (
+        _conversation.value +
+          VoiceConversationEntry(
+            id = id,
+            role = role,
+            text = text,
+            isStreaming = isStreaming,
+            localizedSource = localizedSource,
+          )
+      ).takeLast(maxConversationEntries)
     return id
   }
 
@@ -620,6 +637,7 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
     id: String,
     text: String?,
     isStreaming: Boolean,
+    localizedSource: String? = null,
   ) {
     val current = _conversation.value
     if (current.isEmpty()) return
@@ -633,15 +651,16 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
 
     val entry = current[targetIndex]
     val updatedText = text ?: entry.text
-    if (updatedText == entry.text && entry.isStreaming == isStreaming) return
+    if (updatedText == entry.text && entry.isStreaming == isStreaming && entry.localizedSource == localizedSource) return
     val updated = current.toMutableList()
-    updated[targetIndex] = entry.copy(text = updatedText, isStreaming = isStreaming)
+    updated[targetIndex] = entry.copy(text = updatedText, isStreaming = isStreaming, localizedSource = localizedSource)
     _conversation.value = updated
   }
 
   private fun upsertPendingAssistant(
     text: String,
     isStreaming: Boolean,
+    localizedSource: String? = null,
   ) {
     val currentId = pendingAssistantEntryId
     if (currentId == null) {
@@ -650,10 +669,16 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
           role = VoiceConversationRole.Assistant,
           text = text,
           isStreaming = isStreaming,
+          localizedSource = localizedSource,
         )
       return
     }
-    updateConversationEntry(id = currentId, text = text, isStreaming = isStreaming)
+    updateConversationEntry(
+      id = currentId,
+      text = text,
+      isStreaming = isStreaming,
+      localizedSource = localizedSource,
+    )
   }
 
   private fun playAssistantReplyAsync(text: String) {
@@ -775,16 +800,16 @@ internal class MicCaptureManager(
     message: String,
   ) {
     if (transcriptionSession != session) return
-    _statusText.value = nativeString("Transcription failed: \$message", message)
+    _statusText.value = nativeText("Transcription failed: \$message", message)
     _micEnabled.value = false
     stopTranscription(preserveStatus = true)
   }
 
-  private fun listeningStatus(): String =
+  private fun listeningStatus(): NativeText =
     when {
-      _isSending.value -> nativeString("Listening · sending queued voice")
-      hasQueuedMessages() -> nativeString("Listening · \${queuedMessageCount()} queued", queuedMessageCount())
-      else -> nativeString("Listening")
+      _isSending.value -> nativeText("Listening · sending queued voice")
+      hasQueuedMessages() -> nativeText("Listening · \${queuedMessageCount()} queued", queuedMessageCount())
+      else -> nativeText("Listening")
     }
 
   private fun pcm16ToPcmu(pcm16: ByteArray): ByteArray {
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkModeManager.kt b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkModeManager.kt
index 69268c972bdd..305f12f75418 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkModeManager.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkModeManager.kt
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.ChatSendAck
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewaySession
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.chatSendAckHistorySinceSeconds
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.parseChatSendAck
-import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeString
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.NativeText
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeText
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.resolveNativeText
 import android.Manifest
 import android.annotation.SuppressLint
 import android.content.Context
@@ -196,8 +198,8 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
   private val _speechActive = MutableStateFlow(false)
   val speechActive: StateFlow<Boolean> = _speechActive
 
-  private val _statusText = MutableStateFlow("Off")
-  val statusText: StateFlow<String> = _statusText
+  private val _statusText = MutableStateFlow<NativeText>(nativeText("Off"))
+  val statusText: StateFlow<String> = _statusText.resolveNativeText()
 
   // Typed "waiting on the agent" signal for the waveform's Thinking phase, so
   // UI never has to parse status strings. Every status change flows through
@@ -206,7 +208,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
   val awaitingAgent: StateFlow<Boolean> = _awaitingAgent
 
   private fun setStatus(
-    text: String,
+    text: NativeText,
     awaitingAgent: Boolean = false,
   ) {
     _statusText.value = text
@@ -451,7 +453,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       throw IllegalStateException("PTT_BUSY: previous push-to-talk turn is still finishing")
     }
     if (!isConnected()) {
-      setStatus("Gateway not connected")
+      setStatus(nativeText("Gateway not connected"))
       throw IllegalStateException("UNAVAILABLE: Gateway not connected")
     }
 
@@ -459,11 +461,11 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(context, Manifest.permission.RECORD_AUDIO) ==
         PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
     if (!micOk) {
-      setStatus("Microphone permission required")
+      setStatus(nativeText("Microphone permission required"))
       throw IllegalStateException("MIC_PERMISSION_REQUIRED: grant Microphone permission")
     }
     if (!SpeechRecognizer.isRecognitionAvailable(context)) {
-      setStatus("Speech recognizer unavailable")
+      setStatus(nativeText("Speech recognizer unavailable"))
       throw IllegalStateException("UNAVAILABLE: Speech recognizer unavailable")
     }
 
@@ -524,10 +526,10 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
           pttCompletion = null
           completion?.cancel()
           resumeRealtimeCaptureAfterPushToTalk(captureId)
-          setStatus(if (_isEnabled.value) nativeString("Listening") else nativeString("Ready"))
+          setStatus(if (_isEnabled.value) nativeText("Listening") else nativeText("Ready"))
           throw err
         }
-        setStatus("Listening (PTT)")
+        setStatus(nativeText("Listening (PTT)"))
         if (autoStopAfterMs != null) {
           pttAutoStopEnabled = true
           // Install one-shot jobs before yielding to lifecycle changes. Otherwise a
@@ -565,7 +567,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       val transcript = cleared.transcript
 
       if (transcript.isEmpty()) {
-        setStatus(if (_isEnabled.value) nativeString("Listening") else nativeString("Ready"))
+        setStatus(if (_isEnabled.value) nativeText("Listening") else nativeText("Ready"))
         resumeRealtimeCaptureAfterPushToTalk(captureId)
         return@withContext finishPushToTalk(
           TalkPttStopPayload(captureId = captureId, transcript = null, status = "empty"),
@@ -574,7 +576,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       }
 
       if (!isConnected()) {
-        setStatus("Gateway not connected")
+        setStatus(nativeText("Gateway not connected"))
         resumeRealtimeCaptureAfterPushToTalk(captureId)
         return@withContext finishPushToTalk(
           TalkPttStopPayload(captureId = captureId, transcript = transcript, status = "offline"),
@@ -582,7 +584,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
         )
       }
 
-      setStatus("Thinking…", awaitingAgent = true)
+      setStatus(nativeText("Thinking…"), awaitingAgent = true)
       lateinit var finishingJob: Job
       finishingJob =
         // Gateway-scoped so a switch drops the stale finalize; the NonCancellable
@@ -624,7 +626,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       val cleared =
         clearPushToTalkRecognition(captureId)
           ?: return@withContext TalkPttStopPayload(captureId = captureId, transcript = null, status = "idle")
-      setStatus(if (_isEnabled.value) nativeString("Listening") else nativeString("Ready"))
+      setStatus(if (_isEnabled.value) nativeText("Listening") else nativeText("Ready"))
       resumeRealtimeCaptureAfterPushToTalk(captureId)
       finishPushToTalk(
         TalkPttStopPayload(captureId = captureId, transcript = null, status = "cancelled"),
@@ -833,7 +835,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
         startRealtimeRelay(generation)
       } catch (err: Throwable) {
         if (err is CancellationException) return@launch
-        setStatus("Start failed: ${err.message ?: err::class.simpleName}")
+        setStatus(nativeText("Start failed: \$message", err.message ?: err::class.simpleName.orEmpty()))
         Log.w(tag, "start failed: ${err.message ?: err::class.simpleName}")
         stopRealtimeRelay(closeSession = false, preserveStatus = true)
         disableRealtimeModeAndNotifyOwner()
@@ -862,7 +864,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
     lastTranscript = ""
     lastHeardAtMs = null
     _isListening.value = false
-    setStatus("Off")
+    setStatus(nativeText("Off"))
     stopRealtimeRelay()
     stopSpeaking()
     pendingRunId = null
@@ -885,7 +887,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
     withTimeout(timeoutMs) {
       while (true) {
         realtimeSessionId?.let { return@withTimeout it }
-        val status = _statusText.value
+        val status = _statusText.value.resolveNativeText()
         if (!_isEnabled.value && status != "Off") {
           throw IllegalStateException(status)
         }
@@ -896,7 +898,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
 
   private suspend fun startRealtimeRelay(generation: Long) {
     if (!isConnected()) {
-      setStatus("Gateway not connected")
+      setStatus(nativeText("Gateway not connected"))
       Log.w(tag, "realtime start: gateway not connected")
       disableRealtimeModeAndNotifyOwner()
       return
@@ -906,7 +908,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(context, Manifest.permission.RECORD_AUDIO) ==
         PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
     if (!micOk) {
-      setStatus("Microphone permission required")
+      setStatus(nativeText("Microphone permission required"))
       Log.w(tag, "realtime start: microphone permission required")
       disableRealtimeModeAndNotifyOwner()
       return
@@ -923,7 +925,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       }
     }
 
-    setStatus("Connecting…", awaitingAgent = true)
+    setStatus(nativeText("Connecting…"), awaitingAgent = true)
     val params =
       buildJsonObject {
         put("sessionKey", JsonPrimitive(mainSessionKey.ifBlank { "main" }))
@@ -956,7 +958,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
         } else {
           realtimeOutputSuppressed = false
           _isListening.value = true
-          setStatus("Listening")
+          setStatus(nativeText("Listening"))
           startRealtimeCaptureLocked(sessionId)
           false
         }
@@ -980,16 +982,16 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
     message: String,
   ) {
     if (realtimeSessionId != sessionId) return
-    setStatus("Talk failed: $message")
+    setStatus(nativeText("Talk failed: \$message", message))
     stopRealtimeRelay(cancelCapture = false, cancelAppend = false, preserveStatus = true)
     disableRealtimeModeAndNotifyOwner()
   }
 
-  private fun realtimeCloseStatusText(reason: String?): String =
+  private fun realtimeCloseStatusText(reason: String?): NativeText =
     when (reason) {
-      null, "completed" -> nativeString("Off")
-      "error" -> nativeString("Talk failed: Realtime provider closed unexpectedly.")
-      else -> nativeString("Talk failed: Realtime provider closed: \$reason", reason)
+      null, "completed" -> nativeText("Off")
+      "error" -> nativeText("Talk failed: Realtime provider closed unexpectedly.")
+      else -> nativeText("Talk failed: Realtime provider closed: \$reason", reason)
     }
 
   /** Caller holds [realtimeCapturePauseLock] so PTT cannot miss newly installed jobs. */
@@ -1077,7 +1079,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       "ready" -> {
         if (isRealtimeCapturePaused()) return
         _isListening.value = true
-        setStatus("Listening")
+        setStatus(nativeText("Listening"))
       }
       "inputAudio" -> {
         synchronized(realtimeCapturePauseLock) {
@@ -1129,7 +1131,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
           _lastAssistantText.value = assistantText.trim()
         }
         if (isFinal && role == "user") {
-          setStatus("Thinking…", awaitingAgent = true)
+          setStatus(nativeText("Thinking…"), awaitingAgent = true)
         } else if (isFinal && role == "assistant") {
           scheduleRealtimePlaybackIdle()
         }
@@ -1147,14 +1149,14 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       "toolResult" -> Unit
       "error" -> {
         val message = obj["message"].asStringOrNull() ?: "realtime talk error"
-        setStatus("Talk failed: $message")
+        setStatus(nativeText("Talk failed: \$message", message))
         Log.w(tag, "realtime error: $message")
       }
       "close" -> {
         val closeReason = obj["reason"].asStringOrNull()?.trim()?.takeIf(String::isNotEmpty)
         val currentStatus = _statusText.value
         val closeStatus =
-          if (currentStatus.startsWith("Talk failed:")) currentStatus else realtimeCloseStatusText(closeReason)
+          if (currentStatus.resolveNativeText().startsWith("Talk failed:")) currentStatus else realtimeCloseStatusText(closeReason)
         Log.d(tag, "realtime close reason=$closeReason")
         stopRealtimeRelay(closeSession = false, preserveStatus = true)
         if (_isEnabled.value) {
@@ -1267,7 +1269,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       _outputLevel.value =
         TalkAudioLevel.smoothed(_outputLevel.value ?: 0f, TalkAudioLevel.pcm16Level(bytes, writtenBytes))
       _isSpeaking.value = true
-      setStatus("Speaking…")
+      setStatus(nativeText("Speaking…"))
       val durationMs = ((writtenBytes / 2.0) / realtimeSampleRateHz * 1000.0).toLong()
       val now = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()
       realtimePlaybackEndsAtMs = maxOf(now, realtimePlaybackEndsAtMs) + durationMs
@@ -1291,7 +1293,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
             playbackIdle
           }
         if (idle && _isEnabled.value && realtimeSessionId != null) {
-          setStatus("Listening")
+          setStatus(nativeText("Listening"))
         }
       }
   }
@@ -1321,7 +1323,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
     _isSpeaking.value = false
     _outputLevel.value = null
     if (_isEnabled.value) {
-      setStatus("Listening")
+      setStatus(nativeText("Listening"))
     }
   }
 
@@ -1438,7 +1440,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
         }
         realtimeCapturePause = null
         _isListening.value = true
-        setStatus("Listening")
+        setStatus(nativeText("Listening"))
         startRealtimeCaptureLocked(sessionId)
         RealtimeCaptureResume.Resumed
       }
@@ -1447,7 +1449,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       RealtimeCaptureResume.Resumed -> return
       RealtimeCaptureResume.Restart -> start()
       RealtimeCaptureResume.Disconnected -> {
-        setStatus("Gateway not connected")
+        setStatus(nativeText("Gateway not connected"))
         stopRealtimeRelay(preserveStatus = true)
         disableRealtimeModeAndNotifyOwner()
       }
@@ -1498,7 +1500,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
         if (!runId.isNullOrBlank()) {
           when (val registration = registerRealtimeToolRun(runId, callId, relaySessionId)) {
             RealtimeToolRegistration.SessionEnded -> return@launch
-            RealtimeToolRegistration.AwaitingCompletion -> setStatus("Thinking…", awaitingAgent = true)
+            RealtimeToolRegistration.AwaitingCompletion -> setStatus(nativeText("Thinking…"), awaitingAgent = true)
             is RealtimeToolRegistration.Completed ->
               dispatchRealtimeToolCompletion(registration.dispatch)
           }
@@ -1929,7 +1931,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       }
 
     if (markListening) {
-      setStatus("Listening")
+      setStatus(nativeText("Listening"))
       _isListening.value = true
     }
     r.startListening(intent)
@@ -2021,7 +2023,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
   private suspend fun finalizeTranscript(transcript: String) {
     listeningMode = false
     _isListening.value = false
-    setStatus("Thinking…", awaitingAgent = true)
+    setStatus(nativeText("Thinking…"), awaitingAgent = true)
     lastTranscript = ""
     lastHeardAtMs = null
     // Release SpeechRecognizer before making the API call and playing TTS.
@@ -2038,7 +2040,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
     ensureConfigLoaded()
     val prompt = buildPrompt(transcript)
     if (!isConnected()) {
-      setStatus("Gateway not connected")
+      setStatus(nativeText("Gateway not connected"))
       Log.w(tag, "finalize: gateway not connected")
       start()
       return
@@ -2051,7 +2053,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
       val runId = ack.runId ?: throw IllegalStateException("chat.send returned no run id")
       Log.d(tag, "chat.send ok runId=$runId status=${ack.status}")
       if (ack.isTerminalFailure) {
-        setStatus(if (ack.normalizedStatus == "error") nativeString("Chat error") else nativeString("Aborted"))
+        setStatus(if (ack.normalizedStatus == "error") nativeText("Chat error") else nativeText("Aborted"))
         start()
         return
       }
@@ -2068,7 +2070,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
             if (ok) 12_000 else 25_000,
           )
       if (assistant.isNullOrBlank()) {
-        setStatus("No reply")
+        setStatus(nativeText("No reply"))
         Log.w(tag, "assistant text timeout runId=$runId")
         start()
         return
@@ -2084,7 +2086,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
         Log.d(tag, "finalize speech cancelled")
         return
       }
-      setStatus("Talk failed: ${err.message ?: err::class.simpleName}")
+      setStatus(nativeText("Talk failed: \$message", err.message ?: err::class.simpleName.orEmpty()))
       Log.w(tag, "finalize failed: ${err.message ?: err::class.simpleName}")
     }
 
@@ -2309,7 +2311,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
     _lastAssistantText.value = cleaned
     ensurePlaybackActive(playbackToken)
 
-    setStatus("Generating voice…", awaitingAgent = true)
+    setStatus(nativeText("Generating voice…"), awaitingAgent = true)
     _isSpeaking.value = false
     lastSpokenText = cleaned
 
@@ -2337,7 +2339,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
         Log.d(tag, "assistant speech cancelled")
         return
       }
-      setStatus("Speak failed: ${err.message ?: err::class.simpleName}")
+      setStatus(nativeText("Speak failed: \$message", err.message ?: err::class.simpleName.orEmpty()))
       Log.w(tag, "talk playback failed: ${err.message ?: err::class.simpleName}")
     } finally {
       _isSpeaking.value = false
@@ -2485,7 +2487,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
 
   private fun markAudioPlaybackStarting(playbackToken: Long) {
     ensurePlaybackActive(playbackToken)
-    setStatus("Speaking…")
+    setStatus(nativeText("Speaking…"))
     _isSpeaking.value = true
     ensureInterruptListener()
     requestAudioFocusForTts()
@@ -2497,7 +2499,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
     scope.launch { cancelRealtimeOutput(reason = "android-stop-tts") }
     stopSpeaking(resetInterrupt = true)
     _isSpeaking.value = false
-    setStatus("Listening")
+    setStatus(nativeText("Listening"))
   }
 
   private suspend fun cancelRealtimeOutput(reason: String): Boolean =
@@ -2775,7 +2777,7 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
         // Only a live listening session may claim the status; a speech-interrupt
         // recognizer readying during playback must not touch Thinking state.
         if (_isEnabled.value && _isListening.value) {
-          setStatus("Listening")
+          setStatus(nativeText("Listening"))
         }
       }
 
@@ -2798,21 +2800,21 @@ class TalkModeManager internal constructor(
         if (stopRequested) return
         _isListening.value = false
         if (error == SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_PERMISSIONS) {
-          setStatus(nativeString("Microphone permission required"))
+          setStatus(nativeText("Microphone permission required"))
           return
         }
 
         setStatus(
           when (error) {
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_AUDIO -> nativeString("Audio error")
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_CLIENT -> nativeString("Client error")
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_NETWORK -> nativeString("Network error")
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_NETWORK_TIMEOUT -> nativeString("Network timeout")
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_NO_MATCH -> nativeString("Listening")
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_RECOGNIZER_BUSY -> nativeString("Recognizer busy")
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_SERVER -> nativeString("Server error")
-            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_SPEECH_TIMEOUT -> nativeString("Listening")
-            else -> nativeString("Speech error (\$error)", error)
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_AUDIO -> nativeText("Audio error")
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_CLIENT -> nativeText("Client error")
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_NETWORK -> nativeText("Network error")
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_NETWORK_TIMEOUT -> nativeText("Network timeout")
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_NO_MATCH -> nativeText("Listening")
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_RECOGNIZER_BUSY -> nativeText("Recognizer busy")
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_SERVER -> nativeText("Server error")
+            SpeechRecognizer.ERROR_SPEECH_TIMEOUT -> nativeText("Listening")
+            else -> nativeText("Speech error (\$error)", error)
           },
         )
         scheduleRestart(delayMs = 600)
diff --git a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkModeManagerTest.kt b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkModeManagerTest.kt
index c8bf3d971afb..d315d3b950f4 100644
--- a/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkModeManagerTest.kt
+++ b/apps/android/app/src/test/java/ai/openclaw/app/voice/TalkModeManagerTest.kt
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.DeviceAuthEntry
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.DeviceAuthTokenStore
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.DeviceIdentityStore
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewaySession
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeText
 import android.Manifest
 import android.content.ComponentName
 import android.content.IntentFilter
@@ -321,7 +322,7 @@ class TalkModeManagerTest {
 
     setPrivateField(manager, "realtimeSessionId", "relay-1")
     setMutableStateFlow(manager, "_isEnabled", true)
-    setMutableStateFlow(manager, "_statusText", "Talk failed: Provider rejected the session.")
+    setMutableStateFlow(manager, "_statusText", nativeText("Talk failed: \$message", "Provider rejected the session."))
 
     manager.handleGatewayEvent(
       "talk.event",
@@ -773,7 +774,7 @@ class TalkModeManagerTest {
       setPrivateField(pause, "sessionId", "relay-1")
       setPrivateField(manager, "realtimeSessionId", "relay-1")
       setMutableStateFlow(manager, "_isListening", false)
-      setMutableStateFlow(manager, "_statusText", "Thinking…")
+      setMutableStateFlow(manager, "_statusText", nativeText("Thinking…"))
 
       manager.resumeRealtimeCaptureAfterPushToTalk("capture-1")
 
@@ -829,7 +830,7 @@ class TalkModeManagerTest {
       val pause = readPrivateField(manager, "realtimeCapturePause")!!
       setPrivateField(pause, "restartRelay", true)
       setPrivateField(manager, "stopRequested", true)
-      setMutableStateFlow(manager, "_statusText", "Off")
+      setMutableStateFlow(manager, "_statusText", nativeText("Off"))
 
       manager.resumeRealtimeCaptureAfterPushToTalk("capture-1")
 
@@ -901,7 +902,7 @@ class TalkModeManagerTest {
       setPrivateField(pause, "sessionId", "relay-1")
       setPrivateField(manager, "realtimeSessionId", "relay-1")
       setMutableStateFlow(manager, "_isListening", false)
-      setMutableStateFlow(manager, "_statusText", "Gateway not connected")
+      setMutableStateFlow(manager, "_statusText", nativeText("Gateway not connected"))
 
       manager.resumeRealtimeCaptureAfterPushToTalk("capture-1")