diff --git a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/attachments.ts b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/attachments.ts
index 69193322460..e9466da98e7 100644
--- a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/attachments.ts
+++ b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/attachments.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import crypto from "node:crypto";
 import path from "node:path";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { resolveBlueBubblesServerAccount } from "./account-resolve.js";
 import { assertMultipartActionOk, postMultipartFormData } from "./multipart.js";
 import {
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ export async function downloadBlueBubblesAttachment(
         cause: error,
       });
     }
-    const text = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+    const text = formatErrorMessage(error);
     throw new Error(`BlueBubbles attachment download failed: ${text}`, { cause: error });
   }
 }
diff --git a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/monitor.ts b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/monitor.ts
index 8bf1161d040..92ec9e980c7 100644
--- a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/monitor.ts
+++ b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/monitor.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { IncomingMessage, ServerResponse } from "node:http";
 import { safeEqualSecret } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/browser-security-runtime";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { isPrivateNetworkOptInEnabled } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/ssrf-runtime";
 import { createBlueBubblesDebounceRegistry } from "./monitor-debounce.js";
 import {
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ function parseBlueBubblesWebhookPayload(
     try {
       return { ok: true, value: JSON.parse(payload) as unknown };
     } catch (error) {
-      return { ok: false, error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error) };
+      return { ok: false, error: formatErrorMessage(error) };
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/probe.ts b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/probe.ts
index 7e6cc350c3e..27b0a36bdc5 100644
--- a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/probe.ts
+++ b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/probe.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import type { BaseProbeResult } from "./runtime-api.js";
 import { normalizeSecretInputString } from "./secret-input.js";
 import { buildBlueBubblesApiUrl, blueBubblesFetchWithTimeout } from "./types.js";
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ export async function probeBlueBubbles(params: {
     return {
       ok: false,
       status: null,
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: formatErrorMessage(err),
     };
   }
 }
diff --git a/extensions/discord/src/audit.ts b/extensions/discord/src/audit.ts
index f1cec274ff1..32b6790179e 100644
--- a/extensions/discord/src/audit.ts
+++ b/extensions/discord/src/audit.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type {
   DiscordGuildChannelConfig,
   DiscordGuildEntry,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-runtime";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { inspectDiscordAccount } from "./account-inspect.js";
 import { fetchChannelPermissionsDiscord } from "./send.js";
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ export async function auditDiscordChannelPermissions(params: {
       channels.push({
         channelId,
         ok: false,
-        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        error: formatErrorMessage(err),
         matchKey: channelId,
         matchSource: "id",
       });
diff --git a/extensions/discord/src/channel.ts b/extensions/discord/src/channel.ts
index 59776e22bb7..c6e1232e8bd 100644
--- a/extensions/discord/src/channel.ts
+++ b/extensions/discord/src/channel.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import {
   createChannelDirectoryAdapter,
   createRuntimeDirectoryLiveAdapter,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/directory-runtime";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { createLazyRuntimeModule } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/lazy-runtime";
 import { resolveOutboundSendDep } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/outbound-runtime";
 import { sleepWithAbort } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
@@ -676,7 +677,7 @@ export const discordPlugin: ChannelPlugin<ResolvedDiscordAccount, DiscordProbe>
               ],
             };
           } catch (err) {
-            const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+            const message = formatErrorMessage(err);
             details.permissions = { channelId: parsedTarget.id, error: message };
             return {
               details,
diff --git a/extensions/discord/src/draft-stream.ts b/extensions/discord/src/draft-stream.ts
index ab49b13fbc3..417e6857bf6 100644
--- a/extensions/discord/src/draft-stream.ts
+++ b/extensions/discord/src/draft-stream.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import type { RequestClient } from "@buape/carbon";
 import { Routes } from "discord-api-types/v10";
 import { createFinalizableDraftLifecycle } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-lifecycle";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 
 /** Discord messages cap at 2000 characters. */
 const DISCORD_STREAM_MAX_CHARS = 2000;
@@ -98,9 +99,7 @@ export function createDiscordDraftStream(params: {
       return true;
     } catch (err) {
       streamState.stopped = true;
-      params.warn?.(
-        `discord stream preview failed: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
-      );
+      params.warn?.(`discord stream preview failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`);
       return false;
     }
   };
diff --git a/extensions/discord/src/monitor/gateway-plugin.ts b/extensions/discord/src/monitor/gateway-plugin.ts
index fda66c215c8..aee3aeaea61 100644
--- a/extensions/discord/src/monitor/gateway-plugin.ts
+++ b/extensions/discord/src/monitor/gateway-plugin.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import * as carbonGateway from "@buape/carbon/gateway";
 import type { APIGatewayBotInfo } from "discord-api-types/v10";
 import * as httpsProxyAgent from "https-proxy-agent";
 import type { DiscordAccountConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-runtime";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { danger } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import type { RuntimeEnv } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/runtime-env";
 import * as undici from "undici";
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ async function fetchDiscordGatewayInfo(params: {
     });
   } catch (error) {
     throw createGatewayMetadataError({
-      detail: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      detail: formatErrorMessage(error),
       transient: true,
       cause: error,
     });
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ async function fetchDiscordGatewayInfo(params: {
     body = await response.text();
   } catch (error) {
     throw createGatewayMetadataError({
-      detail: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      detail: formatErrorMessage(error),
       transient: true,
       cause: error,
     });
diff --git a/extensions/discord/src/probe.ts b/extensions/discord/src/probe.ts
index b7285128168..63749db7c8c 100644
--- a/extensions/discord/src/probe.ts
+++ b/extensions/discord/src/probe.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { BaseProbeResult } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-contract";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { resolveFetch } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/fetch-runtime";
 import { fetchWithTimeout } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { normalizeDiscordToken } from "./token.js";
@@ -167,7 +168,7 @@ export async function probeDiscord(
     return {
       ...result,
       status: err instanceof Response ? err.status : result.status,
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: formatErrorMessage(err),
       elapsedMs: Date.now() - started,
     };
   }
diff --git a/extensions/discord/src/voice-message.ts b/extensions/discord/src/voice-message.ts
index ec0eae5b7cd..00cba9e5ee9 100644
--- a/extensions/discord/src/voice-message.ts
+++ b/extensions/discord/src/voice-message.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import crypto from "node:crypto";
 import fs from "node:fs/promises";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { RateLimitError, type RequestClient } from "@buape/carbon";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import {
   parseFfprobeCodecAndSampleRate,
   runFfmpeg,
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ export async function getAudioDuration(filePath: string): Promise<number> {
     }
     return Math.round(duration * 100) / 100; // Round to 2 decimal places
   } catch (err) {
-    const errMessage = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    const errMessage = formatErrorMessage(err);
     throw new Error(`Failed to get audio duration: ${errMessage}`, { cause: err });
   }
 }
diff --git a/extensions/slack/src/draft-stream.ts b/extensions/slack/src/draft-stream.ts
index 14962982665..52a19f1bb90 100644
--- a/extensions/slack/src/draft-stream.ts
+++ b/extensions/slack/src/draft-stream.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { createDraftStreamLoop } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-lifecycle";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { deleteSlackMessage, editSlackMessage } from "./actions.js";
 import { SLACK_TEXT_LIMIT } from "./limits.js";
 import { sendMessageSlack } from "./send.js";
@@ -80,9 +81,7 @@ export function createSlackDraftStream(params: {
       params.onMessageSent?.();
     } catch (err) {
       stopped = true;
-      params.warn?.(
-        `slack stream preview failed: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
-      );
+      params.warn?.(`slack stream preview failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`);
     }
   };
   const loop = createDraftStreamLoop({
@@ -113,9 +112,7 @@ export function createSlackDraftStream(params: {
         accountId: params.accountId,
       });
     } catch (err) {
-      params.warn?.(
-        `slack stream preview cleanup failed: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
-      );
+      params.warn?.(`slack stream preview cleanup failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`);
     }
   };
 
diff --git a/extensions/slack/src/scopes.ts b/extensions/slack/src/scopes.ts
index fc7e14d741b..6d4aaa8de43 100644
--- a/extensions/slack/src/scopes.ts
+++ b/extensions/slack/src/scopes.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { WebClient } from "@slack/web-api";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { createSlackWebClient } from "./client.js";
 
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ async function callSlack(
   } catch (err) {
     return {
       ok: false,
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: formatErrorMessage(err),
     };
   }
 }
diff --git a/extensions/telegram/src/audit-membership-runtime.ts b/extensions/telegram/src/audit-membership-runtime.ts
index 378835b72e1..25feaf487ba 100644
--- a/extensions/telegram/src/audit-membership-runtime.ts
+++ b/extensions/telegram/src/audit-membership-runtime.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { isRecord } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { fetchWithTimeout } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import type {
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ export async function auditTelegramGroupMembershipImpl(
         chatId,
         ok: false,
         status: null,
-        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+        error: formatErrorMessage(err),
         matchKey: chatId,
         matchSource: "id",
       });
diff --git a/extensions/telegram/src/bot/delivery.replies.ts b/extensions/telegram/src/bot/delivery.replies.ts
index 89e8d626fa0..38c41318743 100644
--- a/extensions/telegram/src/bot/delivery.replies.ts
+++ b/extensions/telegram/src/bot/delivery.replies.ts
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ export async function deliverReplies(params: {
         accountId: params.accountId,
         content: contentForSentHook,
         success: false,
-        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+        error: formatErrorMessage(error),
         isGroup: params.mirrorIsGroup,
         groupId: params.mirrorGroupId,
       });
diff --git a/extensions/telegram/src/channel.ts b/extensions/telegram/src/channel.ts
index 37c4d85ea23..bbac5494be2 100644
--- a/extensions/telegram/src/channel.ts
+++ b/extensions/telegram/src/channel.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import {
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-status";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-runtime";
 import { createChannelDirectoryAdapter } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/directory-runtime";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import {
   resolveOutboundSendDep,
   type OutboundSendDeps,
@@ -542,7 +543,7 @@ async function resolveTelegramTargets(params: {
         return {
           input,
           resolved: false as const,
-          note: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+          note: formatErrorMessage(error),
         };
       }
     }),
diff --git a/extensions/telegram/src/draft-stream.ts b/extensions/telegram/src/draft-stream.ts
index cb249bbad53..ddffa165495 100644
--- a/extensions/telegram/src/draft-stream.ts
+++ b/extensions/telegram/src/draft-stream.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { Bot } from "grammy";
 import { createFinalizableDraftLifecycle } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-lifecycle";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { buildTelegramThreadParams, type TelegramThreadSpec } from "./bot/helpers.js";
 import { isSafeToRetrySendError, isTelegramClientRejection } from "./network-errors.js";
 import { normalizeTelegramReplyToMessageId } from "./outbound-params.js";
@@ -362,9 +363,7 @@ export function createTelegramDraftStream(params: {
       return sent;
     } catch (err) {
       streamState.stopped = true;
-      params.warn?.(
-        `telegram stream preview failed: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
-      );
+      params.warn?.(`telegram stream preview failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`);
       return false;
     }
   };
@@ -451,9 +450,7 @@ export function createTelegramDraftStream(params: {
         return streamMessageId;
       }
     } catch (err) {
-      params.warn?.(
-        `telegram stream preview materialize failed: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
-      );
+      params.warn?.(`telegram stream preview materialize failed: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`);
     }
     return undefined;
   };
diff --git a/extensions/telegram/src/fetch.ts b/extensions/telegram/src/fetch.ts
index fd3477621d1..ad8e951290c 100644
--- a/extensions/telegram/src/fetch.ts
+++ b/extensions/telegram/src/fetch.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import * as dns from "node:dns";
 import type { TelegramNetworkConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-runtime";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import {
   createPinnedLookup,
   hasEnvHttpProxyConfigured,
@@ -270,7 +271,7 @@ function createTelegramDispatcher(policy: PinnedDispatcherPolicy): {
         effectivePolicy: policy,
       };
     } catch (err) {
-      const reason = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+      const reason = formatErrorMessage(err);
       throw new Error(`explicit proxy dispatcher init failed: ${reason}`, { cause: err });
     }
   }
@@ -293,9 +294,7 @@ function createTelegramDispatcher(policy: PinnedDispatcherPolicy): {
       };
     } catch (err) {
       log.warn(
-        `env proxy dispatcher init failed; falling back to direct dispatcher: ${
-          err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
-        }`,
+        `env proxy dispatcher init failed; falling back to direct dispatcher: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`,
       );
       const directPolicy: PinnedDispatcherPolicy = {
         mode: "direct",
diff --git a/extensions/telegram/src/probe.ts b/extensions/telegram/src/probe.ts
index 03021b4044e..1deeb9ac8a2 100644
--- a/extensions/telegram/src/probe.ts
+++ b/extensions/telegram/src/probe.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { BaseProbeResult } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-contract";
 import type { TelegramNetworkConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/config-runtime";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import { fetchWithTimeout } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { resolveTelegramApiBase, resolveTelegramFetch } from "./fetch.js";
 import { makeProxyFetch } from "./proxy.js";
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ export async function probeTelegram(
     return {
       ...result,
       status: err instanceof Response ? err.status : result.status,
-      error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      error: formatErrorMessage(err),
       elapsedMs: Date.now() - started,
     };
   }
diff --git a/extensions/telegram/src/send.ts b/extensions/telegram/src/send.ts
index fd9d5bfe1fc..7db986639aa 100644
--- a/extensions/telegram/src/send.ts
+++ b/extensions/telegram/src/send.ts
@@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ export async function reactMessageTelegram(
   try {
     await requestWithDiag(() => api.setMessageReaction(chatId, messageId, reactions), "reaction");
   } catch (err: unknown) {
-    const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    const msg = formatErrorMessage(err);
     if (/REACTION_INVALID/i.test(msg)) {
       return { ok: false as const, warning: `Reaction unavailable: ${trimmedEmoji}` };
     }