diff --git a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/actions.ts b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/actions.ts
index f09322d4aa4..e3d7634b075 100644
--- a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/actions.ts
+++ b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/actions.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/channel-actions";
 import { createLazyRuntimeNamedExport } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/lazy-runtime";
 import { isPrivateNetworkOptInEnabled } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/ssrf-runtime";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { extractToolSend } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/tool-send";
 import { resolveBlueBubblesAccount } from "./accounts.js";
 import {
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ export const bluebubblesMessageActions: ChannelMessageActionAdapter = {
     const normalizedTarget = currentChannelId
       ? normalizeBlueBubblesMessagingTarget(currentChannelId)
       : undefined;
-    const lowered = normalizedTarget?.trim().toLowerCase() ?? "";
+    const lowered = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(normalizedTarget) ?? "";
     const isGroupTarget =
       lowered.startsWith("chat_guid:") ||
       lowered.startsWith("chat_id:") ||
diff --git a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/attachments.ts b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/attachments.ts
index 15dd2457550..359307fcef6 100644
--- a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/attachments.ts
+++ b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/attachments.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 import crypto from "node:crypto";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeOptionalLowercaseString,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { resolveBlueBubblesServerAccount } from "./account-resolve.js";
 import { assertMultipartActionOk, postMultipartFormData } from "./multipart.js";
 import {
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ function ensureExtension(filename: string, extension: string, fallbackBase: stri
 }
 
 function resolveVoiceInfo(filename: string, contentType?: string) {
-  const normalizedType = contentType?.trim().toLowerCase();
+  const normalizedType = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(contentType);
   const extension = path.extname(filename).toLowerCase();
   const isMp3 =
     extension === ".mp3" || (normalizedType ? AUDIO_MIME_MP3.has(normalizedType) : false);
diff --git a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/monitor-processing.ts b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/monitor-processing.ts
index 3e50dd86830..30ad41045c0 100644
--- a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/monitor-processing.ts
+++ b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/monitor-processing.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ import {
   sendMediaWithLeadingCaption,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/reply-payload";
 import { isPrivateNetworkOptInEnabled } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/ssrf-runtime";
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeOptionalLowercaseString,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { downloadBlueBubblesAttachment } from "./attachments.js";
 import { markBlueBubblesChatRead, sendBlueBubblesTyping } from "./chat.js";
 import { resolveBlueBubblesConversationRoute } from "./conversation-route.js";
@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ const pendingOutboundMessageIds: PendingOutboundMessageId[] = [];
 let pendingOutboundMessageIdCounter = 0;
 
 function normalizeSnippet(value: string): string {
-  return stripMarkdown(value).replace(/\s+/g, " ").trim().toLowerCase();
+  return normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(stripMarkdown(value).replace(/\s+/g, " ")) ?? "";
 }
 
 type BlueBubblesChatRecord = Record<string, unknown>;
diff --git a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/send.ts b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/send.ts
index 16ee65dcfe1..2a18153a600 100644
--- a/extensions/bluebubbles/src/send.ts
+++ b/extensions/bluebubbles/src/send.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import crypto from "node:crypto";
-import { normalizeOptionalString, stripMarkdown } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeOptionalLowercaseString,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+  stripMarkdown,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { resolveBlueBubblesServerAccount } from "./account-resolve.js";
 import {
   getCachedBlueBubblesPrivateApiStatus,
@@ -62,10 +66,10 @@ const EFFECT_MAP: Record<string, string> = {
 };
 
 function resolveEffectId(raw?: string): string | undefined {
-  if (!raw) {
+  const trimmed = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(raw);
+  if (!trimmed) {
     return undefined;
   }
-  const trimmed = raw.trim().toLowerCase();
   if (EFFECT_MAP[trimmed]) {
     return EFFECT_MAP[trimmed];
   }
diff --git a/extensions/browser/setup-api.ts b/extensions/browser/setup-api.ts
index a2cdc1f2221..4119710146e 100644
--- a/extensions/browser/setup-api.ts
+++ b/extensions/browser/setup-api.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/plugin-entry";
 import { definePluginEntry } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/plugin-entry";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { isRecord } from "./src/record-shared.js";
 
 function listContainsBrowser(value: unknown): boolean {
   return (
     Array.isArray(value) &&
-    value.some((entry) => typeof entry === "string" && entry.trim().toLowerCase() === "browser")
+    value.some((entry) => normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(entry) === "browser")
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/extensions/exa/src/exa-web-search-provider.ts b/extensions/exa/src/exa-web-search-provider.ts
index a5189a3723a..60bf074430c 100644
--- a/extensions/exa/src/exa-web-search-provider.ts
+++ b/extensions/exa/src/exa-web-search-provider.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import {
   wrapWebContent,
   writeCachedSearchPayload,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-web-search";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 
 const EXA_SEARCH_ENDPOINT = "https://api.exa.ai/search";
 const EXA_SEARCH_TYPES = ["auto", "neural", "fast", "deep", "deep-reasoning", "instant"] as const;
@@ -69,10 +70,10 @@ type ExaSearchResponse = {
 };
 
 function normalizeExaFreshness(value: string | undefined): ExaFreshness | undefined {
-  if (!value) {
+  const trimmed = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(value);
+  if (!trimmed) {
     return undefined;
   }
-  const trimmed = value.trim().toLowerCase();
   return EXA_FRESHNESS_VALUES.includes(trimmed as ExaFreshness)
     ? (trimmed as ExaFreshness)
     : undefined;
diff --git a/extensions/github-copilot/index.ts b/extensions/github-copilot/index.ts
index 75422d2b422..c3395a87e47 100644
--- a/extensions/github-copilot/index.ts
+++ b/extensions/github-copilot/index.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   ensureAuthProfileStore,
   listProfilesForProvider,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-auth";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { PROVIDER_ID, resolveCopilotForwardCompatModel } from "./models.js";
 import { buildGithubCopilotReplayPolicy } from "./replay-policy.js";
 import { wrapCopilotProviderStream } from "./stream.js";
@@ -170,7 +171,9 @@ export default definePluginEntry({
       wrapStreamFn: wrapCopilotProviderStream,
       buildReplayPolicy: ({ modelId }) => buildGithubCopilotReplayPolicy(modelId),
       supportsXHighThinking: ({ modelId }) =>
-        COPILOT_XHIGH_MODEL_IDS.includes(modelId.trim().toLowerCase() as never),
+        COPILOT_XHIGH_MODEL_IDS.includes(
+          (normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(modelId) ?? "") as never,
+        ),
       prepareRuntimeAuth: async (ctx) => {
         const { resolveCopilotApiToken } = await loadGithubCopilotRuntime();
         const token = await resolveCopilotApiToken({
diff --git a/extensions/github-copilot/models.ts b/extensions/github-copilot/models.ts
index bb0b487ace9..5369eb51005 100644
--- a/extensions/github-copilot/models.ts
+++ b/extensions/github-copilot/models.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type {
   ProviderRuntimeModel,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/core";
 import { normalizeModelCompat } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-model-shared";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 
 export const PROVIDER_ID = "github-copilot";
 const CODEX_GPT_54_MODEL_ID = "gpt-5.4";
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ const DEFAULT_MAX_TOKENS = 8192;
 export function resolveCopilotTransportApi(
   modelId: string,
 ): "anthropic-messages" | "openai-responses" {
-  return modelId.trim().toLowerCase().includes("claude")
+  return (normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(modelId) ?? "").includes("claude")
     ? "anthropic-messages"
     : "openai-responses";
 }
@@ -28,14 +29,15 @@ export function resolveCopilotForwardCompatModel(
   }
 
   // If the model is already in the registry, let the normal path handle it.
-  const existing = ctx.modelRegistry.find(PROVIDER_ID, trimmedModelId.toLowerCase());
+  const lowerModelId = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(trimmedModelId) ?? "";
+  const existing = ctx.modelRegistry.find(PROVIDER_ID, lowerModelId);
   if (existing) {
     return undefined;
   }
 
   // For gpt-5.4 specifically, clone from the gpt-5.2-codex template
   // to preserve any special settings the registry has for codex models.
-  if (trimmedModelId.toLowerCase() === CODEX_GPT_54_MODEL_ID) {
+  if (lowerModelId === CODEX_GPT_54_MODEL_ID) {
     for (const templateId of CODEX_TEMPLATE_MODEL_IDS) {
       const template = ctx.modelRegistry.find(
         PROVIDER_ID,
@@ -58,7 +60,6 @@ export function resolveCopilotForwardCompatModel(
   // model isn't available on the user's plan. This lets new models be used
   // by simply adding them to agents.defaults.models in openclaw.json — no
   // code change required.
-  const lowerModelId = trimmedModelId.toLowerCase();
   const reasoning = /^o[13](\b|$)/.test(lowerModelId);
   return normalizeModelCompat({
     id: trimmedModelId,
diff --git a/extensions/google/provider-models.ts b/extensions/google/provider-models.ts
index 8e380da773a..d5c6d313b87 100644
--- a/extensions/google/provider-models.ts
+++ b/extensions/google/provider-models.ts
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ export function resolveGoogleGeminiForwardCompatModel(params: {
   ctx: ProviderResolveDynamicModelContext;
 }): ProviderRuntimeModel | undefined {
   const trimmed = params.ctx.modelId.trim();
-  const lower = trimmed.toLowerCase();
+  const lower = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(trimmed) ?? "";
 
   let family: GoogleForwardCompatFamily;
   let patch: Partial<ProviderRuntimeModel> | undefined;
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ export function resolveGoogleGeminiForwardCompatModel(params: {
 }
 
 export function isModernGoogleModel(modelId: string): boolean {
-  const lower = modelId.trim().toLowerCase();
+  const lower = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(modelId) ?? "";
   return (
     lower.startsWith("gemini-2.5") || lower.startsWith("gemini-3") || lower.startsWith(GEMMA_PREFIX)
   );
diff --git a/extensions/phone-control/index.ts b/extensions/phone-control/index.ts
index a9f7c4a0c7c..ebdfa0125c4 100644
--- a/extensions/phone-control/index.ts
+++ b/extensions/phone-control/index.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 import fs from "node:fs/promises";
 import path from "node:path";
-import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
+import {
+  normalizeOptionalLowercaseString,
+  normalizeOptionalString,
+} from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import {
   definePluginEntry,
   type OpenClawPluginApi,
@@ -54,10 +57,7 @@ function formatGroupList(): string {
 }
 
 function parseDurationMs(input: string | undefined): number | null {
-  if (!input) {
-    return null;
-  }
-  const raw = input.trim().toLowerCase();
+  const raw = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(input);
   if (!raw) {
     return null;
   }
diff --git a/extensions/tlon/src/urbit/base-url.ts b/extensions/tlon/src/urbit/base-url.ts
index e917949e0a9..32516170f8d 100644
--- a/extensions/tlon/src/urbit/base-url.ts
+++ b/extensions/tlon/src/urbit/base-url.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { isBlockedHostnameOrIp } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/ssrf-runtime";
+import { normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 
 export type UrbitBaseUrlValidation =
   | { ok: true; baseUrl: string; hostname: string }
@@ -8,6 +9,10 @@ function hasScheme(value: string): boolean {
   return /^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+.-]*:\/\//.test(value);
 }
 
+export function normalizeUrbitHostname(hostname: string | undefined): string {
+  return normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(hostname).replace(/\.$/, "");
+}
+
 export function validateUrbitBaseUrl(raw: string): UrbitBaseUrlValidation {
   const trimmed = String(raw ?? "").trim();
   if (!trimmed) {
@@ -31,7 +36,7 @@ export function validateUrbitBaseUrl(raw: string): UrbitBaseUrlValidation {
     return { ok: false, error: "URL must not include credentials" };
   }
 
-  const hostname = parsed.hostname.trim().toLowerCase().replace(/\.$/, "");
+  const hostname = normalizeUrbitHostname(parsed.hostname);
   if (!hostname) {
     return { ok: false, error: "Invalid hostname" };
   }
@@ -49,7 +54,7 @@ export function validateUrbitBaseUrl(raw: string): UrbitBaseUrlValidation {
 }
 
 export function isBlockedUrbitHostname(hostname: string): boolean {
-  const normalized = hostname.trim().toLowerCase().replace(/\.$/, "");
+  const normalized = normalizeUrbitHostname(hostname);
   if (!normalized) {
     return false;
   }
diff --git a/extensions/tlon/src/urbit/context.ts b/extensions/tlon/src/urbit/context.ts
index d878f6caab4..e2532022efa 100644
--- a/extensions/tlon/src/urbit/context.ts
+++ b/extensions/tlon/src/urbit/context.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ export {
   ssrfPolicyFromDangerouslyAllowPrivateNetwork,
   ssrfPolicyFromAllowPrivateNetwork,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/ssrf-runtime";
-import { validateUrbitBaseUrl } from "./base-url.js";
+import { normalizeUrbitHostname, validateUrbitBaseUrl } from "./base-url.js";
 import { UrbitUrlError } from "./errors.js";
 
 export type UrbitContext = {
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export type UrbitContext = {
 };
 
 export function resolveShipFromHostname(hostname: string): string {
-  const trimmed = hostname.trim().toLowerCase().replace(/\.$/, "");
+  const trimmed = normalizeUrbitHostname(hostname);
   if (!trimmed) {
     return "";
   }
diff --git a/extensions/voice-call/src/cli.ts b/extensions/voice-call/src/cli.ts
index f46eb93a032..38b6de4b40c 100644
--- a/extensions/voice-call/src/cli.ts
+++ b/extensions/voice-call/src/cli.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import os from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { format } from "node:util";
 import type { Command } from "commander";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { sleep } from "../api.js";
 import type { VoiceCallConfig } from "./config.js";
 import type { VoiceCallRuntime } from "./runtime.js";
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ function writeStdoutJson(value: unknown): void {
 }
 
 function resolveMode(input: string): "off" | "serve" | "funnel" {
-  const raw = input.trim().toLowerCase();
+  const raw = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(input) ?? "";
   if (raw === "serve" || raw === "off") {
     return raw;
   }
diff --git a/extensions/voice-call/src/providers/shared/call-status.ts b/extensions/voice-call/src/providers/shared/call-status.ts
index c6376993491..40cf053387a 100644
--- a/extensions/voice-call/src/providers/shared/call-status.ts
+++ b/extensions/voice-call/src/providers/shared/call-status.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import type { EndReason } from "../../types.js";
 
 const TERMINAL_PROVIDER_STATUS_TO_END_REASON: Record<string, EndReason> = {
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ const TERMINAL_PROVIDER_STATUS_TO_END_REASON: Record<string, EndReason> = {
 };
 
 export function normalizeProviderStatus(status: string | null | undefined): string {
-  const normalized = status?.trim().toLowerCase();
+  const normalized = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(status);
   return normalized && normalized.length > 0 ? normalized : "unknown";
 }
 
diff --git a/extensions/xai/model-definitions.ts b/extensions/xai/model-definitions.ts
index 951c0adca93..6fd75d11351 100644
--- a/extensions/xai/model-definitions.ts
+++ b/extensions/xai/model-definitions.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { ModelDefinitionConfig } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-model-shared";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 
 export const XAI_BASE_URL = "https://api.x.ai/v1";
 export const XAI_DEFAULT_MODEL_ID = "grok-4";
@@ -201,7 +202,8 @@ export function buildXaiCatalogModels(): ModelDefinitionConfig[] {
 }
 
 export function resolveXaiCatalogEntry(modelId: string) {
-  const lower = modelId.trim().toLowerCase();
+  const trimmed = modelId.trim();
+  const lower = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(modelId) ?? "";
   const exact = XAI_MODEL_CATALOG.find((entry) => entry.id.toLowerCase() === lower);
   if (exact) {
     return toModelDefinition(exact);
@@ -211,8 +213,8 @@ export function resolveXaiCatalogEntry(modelId: string) {
   }
   if (lower.startsWith("grok-code-fast")) {
     return toModelDefinition({
-      id: modelId.trim(),
-      name: modelId.trim(),
+      id: trimmed,
+      name: trimmed,
       reasoning: true,
       input: ["text"],
       contextWindow: XAI_CODE_CONTEXT_WINDOW,
@@ -234,8 +236,8 @@ export function resolveXaiCatalogEntry(modelId: string) {
           ? { input: 5, output: 25, cacheRead: 1.25, cacheWrite: 0 }
           : XAI_GROK_4_COST;
     return toModelDefinition({
-      id: modelId.trim(),
-      name: modelId.trim(),
+      id: trimmed,
+      name: trimmed,
       reasoning: lower.includes("mini"),
       input: ["text"],
       contextWindow: XAI_LEGACY_CONTEXT_WINDOW,
@@ -249,8 +251,8 @@ export function resolveXaiCatalogEntry(modelId: string) {
     lower.startsWith("grok-4-fast")
   ) {
     return toModelDefinition({
-      id: modelId.trim(),
-      name: modelId.trim(),
+      id: trimmed,
+      name: trimmed,
       reasoning: !lower.includes("non-reasoning"),
       input: ["text", "image"],
       contextWindow: XAI_LARGE_CONTEXT_WINDOW,
diff --git a/extensions/xai/provider-models.ts b/extensions/xai/provider-models.ts
index 829b41a7c3f..d56be1c43a1 100644
--- a/extensions/xai/provider-models.ts
+++ b/extensions/xai/provider-models.ts
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ import type {
   ProviderRuntimeModel,
 } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/plugin-entry";
 import { normalizeModelCompat } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/provider-model-shared";
+import { normalizeOptionalLowercaseString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { applyXaiModelCompat } from "./api.js";
 import { resolveXaiCatalogEntry, XAI_BASE_URL } from "./model-definitions.js";
 
 const XAI_MODERN_MODEL_PREFIXES = ["grok-3", "grok-4", "grok-code-fast"] as const;
 
 export function isModernXaiModel(modelId: string): boolean {
-  const lower = modelId.trim().toLowerCase();
+  const lower = normalizeOptionalLowercaseString(modelId) ?? "";
   if (!lower || lower.includes("multi-agent")) {
     return false;
   }