diff --git a/src/agents/model-auth.profiles.test.ts b/src/agents/model-auth.profiles.test.ts
index 290eee0a84a..9ff9ff88b50 100644
--- a/src/agents/model-auth.profiles.test.ts
+++ b/src/agents/model-auth.profiles.test.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,29 @@ import {
   resolveEnvApiKey,
 } from "./model-auth.js";
 
+async function expectVertexAdcEnvApiKey(params: {
+  provider: string;
+  credentialsJson: string;
+  env?: NodeJS.ProcessEnv;
+  tempPrefix?: string;
+}) {
+  const tempDir = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), params.tempPrefix ?? "openclaw-adc-"));
+  const credentialsPath = path.join(tempDir, "adc.json");
+  await fs.writeFile(credentialsPath, params.credentialsJson, "utf8");
+
+  try {
+    const resolved = resolveEnvApiKey(params.provider, {
+      ...params.env,
+      GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS: credentialsPath,
+    } as NodeJS.ProcessEnv);
+
+    expect(resolved?.apiKey).toBe("gcp-vertex-credentials");
+    expect(resolved?.source).toBe("gcloud adc");
+  } finally {
+    await fs.rm(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+}
+
 vi.mock("../plugins/setup-registry.js", async () => {
   const { readFileSync } = await import("node:fs");
   return {
@@ -826,56 +849,29 @@ describe("getApiKeyForModel", () => {
   });
 
   it("resolveEnvApiKey('google-vertex') accepts ADC credentials from the provided env snapshot", async () => {
-    const tempDir = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "openclaw-google-adc-"));
-    const credentialsPath = path.join(tempDir, "adc.json");
-    await fs.writeFile(credentialsPath, "{}", "utf8");
-
-    try {
-      const resolved = resolveEnvApiKey("google-vertex", {
-        GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS: credentialsPath,
+    await expectVertexAdcEnvApiKey({
+      provider: "google-vertex",
+      credentialsJson: "{}",
+      tempPrefix: "openclaw-google-adc-",
+      env: {
         GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION: "us-central1",
         GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT: "vertex-project",
-      } as NodeJS.ProcessEnv);
-
-      expect(resolved?.apiKey).toBe("gcp-vertex-credentials");
-      expect(resolved?.source).toBe("gcloud adc");
-    } finally {
-      await fs.rm(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
-    }
+      },
+    });
   });
 
   it("resolveEnvApiKey('anthropic-vertex') accepts GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS with project_id", async () => {
-    const tempDir = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "openclaw-adc-"));
-    const credentialsPath = path.join(tempDir, "adc.json");
-    await fs.writeFile(credentialsPath, JSON.stringify({ project_id: "vertex-project" }), "utf8");
-
-    try {
-      const resolved = resolveEnvApiKey("anthropic-vertex", {
-        GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS: credentialsPath,
-      } as NodeJS.ProcessEnv);
-
-      expect(resolved?.apiKey).toBe("gcp-vertex-credentials");
-      expect(resolved?.source).toBe("gcloud adc");
-    } finally {
-      await fs.rm(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
-    }
+    await expectVertexAdcEnvApiKey({
+      provider: "anthropic-vertex",
+      credentialsJson: JSON.stringify({ project_id: "vertex-project" }),
+    });
   });
 
   it("resolveEnvApiKey('anthropic-vertex') accepts GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS without a local project field", async () => {
-    const tempDir = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "openclaw-adc-"));
-    const credentialsPath = path.join(tempDir, "adc.json");
-    await fs.writeFile(credentialsPath, "{}", "utf8");
-
-    try {
-      const resolved = resolveEnvApiKey("anthropic-vertex", {
-        GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS: credentialsPath,
-      } as NodeJS.ProcessEnv);
-
-      expect(resolved?.apiKey).toBe("gcp-vertex-credentials");
-      expect(resolved?.source).toBe("gcloud adc");
-    } finally {
-      await fs.rm(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
-    }
+    await expectVertexAdcEnvApiKey({
+      provider: "anthropic-vertex",
+      credentialsJson: "{}",
+    });
   });
 
   it("resolveEnvApiKey('anthropic-vertex') accepts explicit metadata auth opt-in", async () => {