diff --git a/src/agents/path-policy.test.ts b/src/agents/path-policy.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3217cdf4792
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/agents/path-policy.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+const resolveSandboxInputPathMock = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn());
+
+vi.mock("./sandbox-paths.js", () => ({
+  resolveSandboxInputPath: resolveSandboxInputPathMock,
+}));
+
+import { toRelativeWorkspacePath } from "./path-policy.js";
+
+describe("toRelativeWorkspacePath (windows semantics)", () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    resolveSandboxInputPathMock.mockReset();
+    resolveSandboxInputPathMock.mockImplementation((filePath: string) => filePath);
+  });
+
+  it("accepts windows paths with mixed separators and case", () => {
+    const platformSpy = vi.spyOn(process, "platform", "get").mockReturnValue("win32");
+    try {
+      const root = "C:\\Users\\User\\OpenClaw";
+      const candidate = "c:/users/user/openclaw/memory/log.txt";
+      expect(toRelativeWorkspacePath(root, candidate)).toBe("memory\\log.txt");
+    } finally {
+      platformSpy.mockRestore();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("rejects windows paths outside workspace root", () => {
+    const platformSpy = vi.spyOn(process, "platform", "get").mockReturnValue("win32");
+    try {
+      const root = "C:\\Users\\User\\OpenClaw";
+      const candidate = "C:\\Users\\User\\Other\\log.txt";
+      expect(() => toRelativeWorkspacePath(root, candidate)).toThrow("Path escapes workspace root");
+    } finally {
+      platformSpy.mockRestore();
+    }
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/agents/path-policy.ts b/src/agents/path-policy.ts
index f4eb8e32292..042cff7ff4f 100644
--- a/src/agents/path-policy.ts
+++ b/src/agents/path-policy.ts
@@ -8,15 +8,51 @@ type RelativePathOptions = {
   includeRootInError?: boolean;
 };
 
+function normalizeWindowsPathForComparison(input: string): string {
+  let normalized = path.win32.normalize(input);
+  if (normalized.startsWith("\\\\?\\")) {
+    normalized = normalized.slice(4);
+    if (normalized.toUpperCase().startsWith("UNC\\")) {
+      normalized = `\\\\${normalized.slice(4)}`;
+    }
+  }
+  return normalized.replaceAll("/", "\\").toLowerCase();
+}
+
 function toRelativePathUnderRoot(params: {
   root: string;
   candidate: string;
   options?: RelativePathOptions;
 }): string {
-  const rootResolved = path.resolve(params.root);
-  const resolvedCandidate = path.resolve(
-    resolveSandboxInputPath(params.candidate, params.options?.cwd ?? params.root),
+  const resolvedInput = resolveSandboxInputPath(
+    params.candidate,
+    params.options?.cwd ?? params.root,
   );
+
+  if (process.platform === "win32") {
+    const rootResolved = path.win32.resolve(params.root);
+    const resolvedCandidate = path.win32.resolve(resolvedInput);
+    const rootForCompare = normalizeWindowsPathForComparison(rootResolved);
+    const targetForCompare = normalizeWindowsPathForComparison(resolvedCandidate);
+    const relative = path.win32.relative(rootForCompare, targetForCompare);
+    if (relative === "" || relative === ".") {
+      if (params.options?.allowRoot) {
+        return "";
+      }
+      const boundary = params.options?.boundaryLabel ?? "workspace root";
+      const suffix = params.options?.includeRootInError ? ` (${rootResolved})` : "";
+      throw new Error(`Path escapes ${boundary}${suffix}: ${params.candidate}`);
+    }
+    if (relative.startsWith("..") || path.win32.isAbsolute(relative)) {
+      const boundary = params.options?.boundaryLabel ?? "workspace root";
+      const suffix = params.options?.includeRootInError ? ` (${rootResolved})` : "";
+      throw new Error(`Path escapes ${boundary}${suffix}: ${params.candidate}`);
+    }
+    return relative;
+  }
+
+  const rootResolved = path.resolve(params.root);
+  const resolvedCandidate = path.resolve(resolvedInput);
   const relative = path.relative(rootResolved, resolvedCandidate);
   if (relative === "" || relative === ".") {
     if (params.options?.allowRoot) {