diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0b9d8f57b12..27a9e6cce89 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
 ### Fixes
 
+- Agents/Model fallback: keep explicit text + image fallback chains reachable even when `agents.defaults.models` allowlists are present, prefer explicit run `agentId` over session-key parsing for followup fallback override resolution (with session-key fallback), treat agent-level fallback overrides as configured in embedded runner preflight, and classify `model_cooldown` / `cooling down` errors as `rate_limit` so failover continues. (#11972, #24137, #17231)
+
 ## 2026.2.24
 
 ### Changes
diff --git a/src/agents/model-fallback.test.ts b/src/agents/model-fallback.test.ts
index f727ea5e925..903c292ec1e 100644
--- a/src/agents/model-fallback.test.ts
+++ b/src/agents/model-fallback.test.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import type { AuthProfileStore } from "./auth-profiles.js";
 import { saveAuthProfileStore } from "./auth-profiles.js";
 import { AUTH_STORE_VERSION } from "./auth-profiles/constants.js";
 import { isAnthropicBillingError } from "./live-auth-keys.js";
-import { runWithModelFallback } from "./model-fallback.js";
+import { runWithImageModelFallback, runWithModelFallback } from "./model-fallback.js";
 import { makeModelFallbackCfg } from "./test-helpers/model-fallback-config-fixture.js";
 
 const makeCfg = makeModelFallbackCfg;
@@ -581,6 +581,39 @@ describe("runWithModelFallback", () => {
     expect(calls).toEqual([{ provider: "anthropic", model: "claude-opus-4-5" }]);
   });
 
+  it("keeps explicit fallbacks reachable when models allowlist is present", async () => {
+    const cfg = makeCfg({
+      agents: {
+        defaults: {
+          model: {
+            primary: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4",
+            fallbacks: ["openai/gpt-4o", "ollama/llama-3"],
+          },
+          models: {
+            "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4": {},
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+    const run = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockRejectedValueOnce(Object.assign(new Error("rate limited"), { status: 429 }))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce("ok");
+
+    const result = await runWithModelFallback({
+      cfg,
+      provider: "anthropic",
+      model: "claude-sonnet-4",
+      run,
+    });
+
+    expect(result.result).toBe("ok");
+    expect(run.mock.calls).toEqual([
+      ["anthropic", "claude-sonnet-4"],
+      ["openai", "gpt-4o"],
+    ]);
+  });
+
   it("defaults provider/model when missing (regression #946)", async () => {
     const cfg = makeCfg({
       agents: {
@@ -721,6 +754,39 @@ describe("runWithModelFallback", () => {
   });
 });
 
+describe("runWithImageModelFallback", () => {
+  it("keeps explicit image fallbacks reachable when models allowlist is present", async () => {
+    const cfg = makeCfg({
+      agents: {
+        defaults: {
+          imageModel: {
+            primary: "openai/gpt-image-1",
+            fallbacks: ["google/gemini-2.5-flash-image-preview"],
+          },
+          models: {
+            "openai/gpt-image-1": {},
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+    const run = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error("rate limited"))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce("ok");
+
+    const result = await runWithImageModelFallback({
+      cfg,
+      run,
+    });
+
+    expect(result.result).toBe("ok");
+    expect(run.mock.calls).toEqual([
+      ["openai", "gpt-image-1"],
+      ["google", "gemini-2.5-flash-image-preview"],
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
 describe("isAnthropicBillingError", () => {
   it("does not false-positive on plain 'a 402' prose", () => {
     const samples = [
diff --git a/src/agents/model-fallback.ts b/src/agents/model-fallback.ts
index fc44165e0b2..240668ecca2 100644
--- a/src/agents/model-fallback.ts
+++ b/src/agents/model-fallback.ts
@@ -164,7 +164,9 @@ function resolveImageFallbackCandidates(params: {
   const imageFallbacks = resolveAgentModelFallbackValues(params.cfg?.agents?.defaults?.imageModel);
 
   for (const raw of imageFallbacks) {
-    addRaw(raw, true);
+    // Explicitly configured image fallbacks should remain reachable even when a
+    // model allowlist is present.
+    addRaw(raw, false);
   }
 
   return candidates;
@@ -235,7 +237,9 @@ function resolveFallbackCandidates(params: {
     if (!resolved) {
       continue;
     }
-    addCandidate(resolved.ref, true);
+    // Fallbacks are explicit user intent; do not silently filter them by the
+    // model allowlist.
+    addCandidate(resolved.ref, false);
   }
 
   if (params.fallbacksOverride === undefined && primary?.provider && primary.model) {
diff --git a/src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers.isbillingerrormessage.test.ts b/src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers.isbillingerrormessage.test.ts
index 97b96727562..638b6c24bb8 100644
--- a/src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers.isbillingerrormessage.test.ts
+++ b/src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers.isbillingerrormessage.test.ts
@@ -433,6 +433,12 @@ describe("classifyFailoverReason", () => {
     expect(classifyFailoverReason("Missing scopes: model.request")).toBe("auth");
     expect(classifyFailoverReason("429 too many requests")).toBe("rate_limit");
     expect(classifyFailoverReason("resource has been exhausted")).toBe("rate_limit");
+    expect(
+      classifyFailoverReason("model_cooldown: All credentials for model gpt-5 are cooling down"),
+    ).toBe("rate_limit");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("all credentials for model x are cooling down")).toBe(
+      "rate_limit",
+    );
     expect(
       classifyFailoverReason(
         '{"type":"error","error":{"type":"overloaded_error","message":"Overloaded"}}',
diff --git a/src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers/errors.ts b/src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers/errors.ts
index 29fcfea2c7d..6eea521ede1 100644
--- a/src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers/errors.ts
+++ b/src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers/errors.ts
@@ -615,6 +615,8 @@ type ErrorPattern = RegExp | string;
 const ERROR_PATTERNS = {
   rateLimit: [
     /rate[_ ]limit|too many requests|429/,
+    "model_cooldown",
+    "cooling down",
     "exceeded your current quota",
     "resource has been exhausted",
     "quota exceeded",
diff --git a/src/agents/pi-embedded-runner.run-embedded-pi-agent.auth-profile-rotation.test.ts b/src/agents/pi-embedded-runner.run-embedded-pi-agent.auth-profile-rotation.test.ts
index b254df7430b..ca66ad4c7f7 100644
--- a/src/agents/pi-embedded-runner.run-embedded-pi-agent.auth-profile-rotation.test.ts
+++ b/src/agents/pi-embedded-runner.run-embedded-pi-agent.auth-profile-rotation.test.ts
@@ -109,6 +109,45 @@ const makeConfig = (opts?: { fallbacks?: string[]; apiKey?: string }): OpenClawC
     },
   }) satisfies OpenClawConfig;
 
+const makeAgentOverrideOnlyFallbackConfig = (agentId: string): OpenClawConfig =>
+  ({
+    agents: {
+      defaults: {
+        model: {
+          fallbacks: [],
+        },
+      },
+      list: [
+        {
+          id: agentId,
+          model: {
+            fallbacks: ["openai/mock-2"],
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+    models: {
+      providers: {
+        openai: {
+          api: "openai-responses",
+          apiKey: "sk-test",
+          baseUrl: "https://example.com",
+          models: [
+            {
+              id: "mock-1",
+              name: "Mock 1",
+              reasoning: false,
+              input: ["text"],
+              cost: { input: 0, output: 0, cacheRead: 0, cacheWrite: 0 },
+              contextWindow: 16_000,
+              maxTokens: 2048,
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  }) satisfies OpenClawConfig;
+
 const writeAuthStore = async (
   agentDir: string,
   opts?: {
@@ -516,6 +555,42 @@ describe("runEmbeddedPiAgent auth profile rotation", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("treats agent-level fallbacks as configured when defaults have none", async () => {
+    await withTimedAgentWorkspace(async ({ agentDir, workspaceDir, now }) => {
+      await writeAuthStore(agentDir, {
+        usageStats: {
+          "openai:p1": { lastUsed: 1, cooldownUntil: now + 60 * 60 * 1000 },
+          "openai:p2": { lastUsed: 2, cooldownUntil: now + 60 * 60 * 1000 },
+        },
+      });
+
+      await expect(
+        runEmbeddedPiAgent({
+          sessionId: "session:test",
+          sessionKey: "agent:support:cooldown-failover",
+          sessionFile: path.join(workspaceDir, "session.jsonl"),
+          workspaceDir,
+          agentDir,
+          config: makeAgentOverrideOnlyFallbackConfig("support"),
+          prompt: "hello",
+          provider: "openai",
+          model: "mock-1",
+          authProfileIdSource: "auto",
+          timeoutMs: 5_000,
+          runId: "run:agent-override-fallback",
+          agentId: "support",
+        }),
+      ).rejects.toMatchObject({
+        name: "FailoverError",
+        reason: "rate_limit",
+        provider: "openai",
+        model: "mock-1",
+      });
+
+      expect(runEmbeddedAttemptMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+  });
+
   it("fails over with disabled reason when all profiles are unavailable", async () => {
     await withTimedAgentWorkspace(async ({ agentDir, workspaceDir, now }) => {
       await writeAuthStore(agentDir, {
diff --git a/src/agents/pi-embedded-runner/run.ts b/src/agents/pi-embedded-runner/run.ts
index 0ed2ba14d65..7a3cd76297e 100644
--- a/src/agents/pi-embedded-runner/run.ts
+++ b/src/agents/pi-embedded-runner/run.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import type { PluginHookBeforeAgentStartResult } from "../../plugins/types.js";
 import { enqueueCommandInLane } from "../../process/command-queue.js";
 import { isMarkdownCapableMessageChannel } from "../../utils/message-channel.js";
 import { resolveOpenClawAgentDir } from "../agent-paths.js";
+import { resolveAgentModelFallbacksOverride } from "../agent-scope.js";
 import {
   isProfileInCooldown,
   markAuthProfileFailure,
@@ -231,8 +232,15 @@ export async function runEmbeddedPiAgent(
       let provider = (params.provider ?? DEFAULT_PROVIDER).trim() || DEFAULT_PROVIDER;
       let modelId = (params.model ?? DEFAULT_MODEL).trim() || DEFAULT_MODEL;
       const agentDir = params.agentDir ?? resolveOpenClawAgentDir();
+      const agentFallbacksOverride =
+        params.config && params.agentId
+          ? resolveAgentModelFallbacksOverride(params.config, params.agentId)
+          : undefined;
       const fallbackConfigured =
-        resolveAgentModelFallbackValues(params.config?.agents?.defaults?.model).length > 0;
+        (
+          agentFallbacksOverride ??
+          resolveAgentModelFallbackValues(params.config?.agents?.defaults?.model)
+        ).length > 0;
       await ensureOpenClawModelsJson(params.config, agentDir);
 
       // Run before_model_resolve hooks early so plugins can override the
diff --git a/src/auto-reply/reply/agent-runner-utils.test.ts b/src/auto-reply/reply/agent-runner-utils.test.ts
index 397cefcb82a..1476b1f65a2 100644
--- a/src/auto-reply/reply/agent-runner-utils.test.ts
+++ b/src/auto-reply/reply/agent-runner-utils.test.ts
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ describe("agent-runner-utils", () => {
 
     const resolved = resolveModelFallbackOptions(run);
 
-    expect(hoisted.resolveAgentIdFromSessionKeyMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(run.sessionKey);
+    expect(hoisted.resolveAgentIdFromSessionKeyMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     expect(hoisted.resolveAgentModelFallbacksOverrideMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
       run.config,
-      "agent-id",
+      run.agentId,
     );
     expect(resolved).toEqual({
       cfg: run.config,
@@ -75,6 +75,21 @@ describe("agent-runner-utils", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("falls back to sessionKey agent id when run.agentId is missing", () => {
+    hoisted.resolveAgentIdFromSessionKeyMock.mockReturnValue("agent-from-session-key");
+    hoisted.resolveAgentModelFallbacksOverrideMock.mockReturnValue(["fallback-model"]);
+    const run = makeRun({ agentId: undefined });
+
+    const resolved = resolveModelFallbackOptions(run);
+
+    expect(hoisted.resolveAgentIdFromSessionKeyMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(run.sessionKey);
+    expect(hoisted.resolveAgentModelFallbacksOverrideMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      run.config,
+      "agent-from-session-key",
+    );
+    expect(resolved.fallbacksOverride).toEqual(["fallback-model"]);
+  });
+
   it("builds embedded run base params with auth profile and run metadata", () => {
     const run = makeRun({ enforceFinalTag: true });
     const authProfile = resolveProviderScopedAuthProfile({
diff --git a/src/auto-reply/reply/agent-runner-utils.ts b/src/auto-reply/reply/agent-runner-utils.ts
index c3902010c5b..3ec5c27566b 100644
--- a/src/auto-reply/reply/agent-runner-utils.ts
+++ b/src/auto-reply/reply/agent-runner-utils.ts
@@ -147,15 +147,13 @@ export const resolveEnforceFinalTag = (run: FollowupRun["run"], provider: string
   Boolean(run.enforceFinalTag || isReasoningTagProvider(provider));
 
 export function resolveModelFallbackOptions(run: FollowupRun["run"]) {
+  const fallbackAgentId = run.agentId ?? resolveAgentIdFromSessionKey(run.sessionKey);
   return {
     cfg: run.config,
     provider: run.provider,
     model: run.model,
     agentDir: run.agentDir,
-    fallbacksOverride: resolveAgentModelFallbacksOverride(
-      run.config,
-      resolveAgentIdFromSessionKey(run.sessionKey),
-    ),
+    fallbacksOverride: resolveAgentModelFallbacksOverride(run.config, fallbackAgentId),
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/auto-reply/reply/followup-runner.ts b/src/auto-reply/reply/followup-runner.ts
index a73c5f0b016..872fc8cebb7 100644
--- a/src/auto-reply/reply/followup-runner.ts
+++ b/src/auto-reply/reply/followup-runner.ts
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ export function createFollowupRunner(params: {
           agentDir: queued.run.agentDir,
           fallbacksOverride: resolveAgentModelFallbacksOverride(
             queued.run.config,
-            resolveAgentIdFromSessionKey(queued.run.sessionKey),
+            queued.run.agentId ?? resolveAgentIdFromSessionKey(queued.run.sessionKey),
           ),
           run: (provider, model) => {
             const authProfile = resolveRunAuthProfile(queued.run, provider);