diff --git a/src/cron/isolated-agent/delivery-dispatch.ts b/src/cron/isolated-agent/delivery-dispatch.ts
index ca5625da8de..a612fc1f65f 100644
--- a/src/cron/isolated-agent/delivery-dispatch.ts
+++ b/src/cron/isolated-agent/delivery-dispatch.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   resolveMainSessionKey,
 } from "../../config/sessions/main-session.js";
 import { sleepWithAbort } from "../../infra/backoff.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../../infra/errors.js";
 import type { OutboundDeliveryResult } from "../../infra/outbound/deliver.js";
 import { normalizeTargetForProvider } from "../../infra/outbound/target-normalization.js";
 import { logWarn, logError } from "../../logger.js";
@@ -273,7 +274,7 @@ async function queueCronAwarenessSystemEvent(params: {
     });
   } catch (err) {
     logWarn(
-      `[cron:${params.jobId}] failed to queue isolated cron awareness for the main session: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
+      `[cron:${params.jobId}] failed to queue isolated cron awareness for the main session: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`,
     );
   }
 }
@@ -488,7 +489,7 @@ export async function dispatchCronDelivery(
         ? (err: unknown, _payload: unknown) => {
             hadPartialFailure = true;
             logError(
-              `[cron:${params.job.id}] delivery payload failed (bestEffort): ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
+              `[cron:${params.job.id}] delivery payload failed (bestEffort): ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`,
             );
           }
         : undefined;
@@ -551,9 +552,7 @@ export async function dispatchCronDelivery(
           ...params.telemetry,
         });
       }
-      logError(
-        `[cron:${params.job.id}] delivery failed (bestEffort): ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
-      );
+      logError(`[cron:${params.job.id}] delivery failed (bestEffort): ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`);
       return null;
     }
   };
diff --git a/src/cron/isolated-agent/delivery-target.ts b/src/cron/isolated-agent/delivery-target.ts
index 806f3d00900..681dc839f62 100644
--- a/src/cron/isolated-agent/delivery-target.ts
+++ b/src/cron/isolated-agent/delivery-target.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/config.js";
 import { resolveAgentMainSessionKey } from "../../config/sessions/main-session.js";
 import { resolveStorePath } from "../../config/sessions/paths.js";
 import { loadSessionStore } from "../../config/sessions/store-load.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../../infra/errors.js";
 import { maybeResolveIdLikeTarget } from "../../infra/outbound/target-resolver.js";
 import { tryResolveLoadedOutboundTarget } from "../../infra/outbound/targets-loaded.js";
 import { resolveSessionDeliveryTarget } from "../../infra/outbound/targets-session.js";
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ export async function resolveDeliveryTarget(
         const selection = await resolveMessageChannelSelection({ cfg });
         fallbackChannel = selection.channel;
       } catch (err) {
-        const detail = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+        const detail = formatErrorMessage(err);
         channelResolutionError = new Error(
           `${detail} Set delivery.channel explicitly or use a main session with a previous channel.`,
         );
diff --git a/src/image-generation/runtime.ts b/src/image-generation/runtime.ts
index 985bad44bf8..454a182538b 100644
--- a/src/image-generation/runtime.ts
+++ b/src/image-generation/runtime.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { AuthProfileStore } from "../agents/auth-profiles.js";
 import { describeFailoverError, isFailoverError } from "../agents/failover-error.js";
 import type { FallbackAttempt } from "../agents/model-fallback.types.js";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../infra/errors.js";
 import { createSubsystemLogger } from "../logging/subsystem.js";
 import {
   buildNoCapabilityModelConfiguredMessage,
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ export async function generateImage(
       attempts.push({
         provider: candidate.provider,
         model: candidate.model,
-        error: described?.message ?? (err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)),
+        error: described?.message ?? formatErrorMessage(err),
         reason: described?.reason,
         status: described?.status,
         code: described?.code,
diff --git a/src/infra/exec-approval-channel-runtime.ts b/src/infra/exec-approval-channel-runtime.ts
index bc4368cbde0..56c031461fc 100644
--- a/src/infra/exec-approval-channel-runtime.ts
+++ b/src/infra/exec-approval-channel-runtime.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type { GatewayClient } from "../gateway/client.js";
 import { createOperatorApprovalsGatewayClient } from "../gateway/operator-approvals-client.js";
 import type { EventFrame } from "../gateway/protocol/index.js";
 import { createSubsystemLogger } from "../logging/subsystem.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "./errors.js";
 import type { ExecApprovalRequest, ExecApprovalResolved } from "./exec-approvals.js";
 import type { PluginApprovalRequest, PluginApprovalResolved } from "./plugin-approvals.js";
 
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ export function createExecApprovalChannelRuntime<
 
   const spawn = (label: string, promise: Promise<void>): void => {
     void promise.catch((err: unknown) => {
-      const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+      const message = formatErrorMessage(err);
       log.error(`${label}: ${message}`);
     });
   };
diff --git a/src/infra/net/proxy-fetch.ts b/src/infra/net/proxy-fetch.ts
index ece3f2df647..57b1c6004fa 100644
--- a/src/infra/net/proxy-fetch.ts
+++ b/src/infra/net/proxy-fetch.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { EnvHttpProxyAgent, ProxyAgent, fetch as undiciFetch } from "undici";
 import { logWarn } from "../../logger.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../errors.js";
 import { hasEnvHttpProxyConfigured } from "./proxy-env.js";
 
 export const PROXY_FETCH_PROXY_URL = Symbol.for("openclaw.proxyFetch.proxyUrl");
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ export function resolveProxyFetchFromEnv(
       }) as unknown as Promise<Response>) as typeof fetch;
   } catch (err) {
     logWarn(
-      `Proxy env var set but agent creation failed — falling back to direct fetch: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
+      `Proxy env var set but agent creation failed — falling back to direct fetch: ${formatErrorMessage(err)}`,
     );
     return undefined;
   }
diff --git a/src/infra/push-apns.relay.ts b/src/infra/push-apns.relay.ts
index 1b3251e6713..9af2400ac5e 100644
--- a/src/infra/push-apns.relay.ts
+++ b/src/infra/push-apns.relay.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   signDevicePayload,
   type DeviceIdentity,
 } from "./device-identity.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "./errors.js";
 
 export type ApnsRelayPushType = "alert" | "background";
 
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ export function resolveApnsRelayConfigFromEnv(
       },
     };
   } catch (err) {
-    const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    const message = formatErrorMessage(err);
     return {
       ok: false,
       error: `invalid ${baseUrlSource} (${baseUrl}): ${message}`,
diff --git a/src/infra/push-apns.ts b/src/infra/push-apns.ts
index 6a281c9ec81..cb404e7e39f 100644
--- a/src/infra/push-apns.ts
+++ b/src/infra/push-apns.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import http2 from "node:http2";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { resolveStateDir } from "../config/paths.js";
 import type { DeviceIdentity } from "./device-identity.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "./errors.js";
 import { createAsyncLock, readJsonFile, writeJsonAtomic } from "./json-files.js";
 import {
   type ApnsRelayConfig,
@@ -635,7 +636,7 @@ export async function resolveApnsAuthConfigFromEnv(
       },
     };
   } catch (err) {
-    const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    const message = formatErrorMessage(err);
     return {
       ok: false,
       error: `failed reading OPENCLAW_APNS_PRIVATE_KEY_PATH (${keyPath}): ${message}`,
diff --git a/src/infra/windows-task-restart.ts b/src/infra/windows-task-restart.ts
index 9cd139958b9..6bc2ed0b221 100644
--- a/src/infra/windows-task-restart.ts
+++ b/src/infra/windows-task-restart.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import path from "node:path";
 import { quoteCmdScriptArg } from "../daemon/cmd-argv.js";
 import { resolveGatewayWindowsTaskName } from "../daemon/constants.js";
 import { resolveTaskScriptPath } from "../daemon/schtasks.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "./errors.js";
 import type { RestartAttempt } from "./restart.js";
 import { resolvePreferredOpenClawTmpDir } from "./tmp-openclaw-dir.js";
 
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ export function relaunchGatewayScheduledTask(env: NodeJS.ProcessEnv = process.en
     return {
       ok: false,
       method: "schtasks",
-      detail: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      detail: formatErrorMessage(err),
       tried: [`schtasks /Run /TN "${taskName}"`],
     };
   }
diff --git a/src/music-generation/runtime.ts b/src/music-generation/runtime.ts
index df519722730..17358247f1c 100644
--- a/src/music-generation/runtime.ts
+++ b/src/music-generation/runtime.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { AuthProfileStore } from "../agents/auth-profiles.js";
 import { describeFailoverError, isFailoverError } from "../agents/failover-error.js";
 import type { FallbackAttempt } from "../agents/model-fallback.types.js";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../infra/errors.js";
 import { createSubsystemLogger } from "../logging/subsystem.js";
 import {
   buildNoCapabilityModelConfiguredMessage,
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ export async function generateMusic(
       attempts.push({
         provider: candidate.provider,
         model: candidate.model,
-        error: described?.message ?? (err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)),
+        error: described?.message ?? formatErrorMessage(err),
         reason: described?.reason,
         status: described?.status,
         code: described?.code,
diff --git a/src/plugin-sdk/run-command.ts b/src/plugin-sdk/run-command.ts
index 7cf626ce8ef..9ff13034dd3 100644
--- a/src/plugin-sdk/run-command.ts
+++ b/src/plugin-sdk/run-command.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../infra/errors.js";
 import { runCommandWithTimeout } from "../process/exec.js";
 
 export type PluginCommandRunResult = {
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ export async function runPluginCommandWithTimeout(
     return {
       code: 1,
       stdout: "",
-      stderr: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      stderr: formatErrorMessage(error),
     };
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/plugin-sdk/webhook-request-guards.ts b/src/plugin-sdk/webhook-request-guards.ts
index d17bb2bf935..1b181247444 100644
--- a/src/plugin-sdk/webhook-request-guards.ts
+++ b/src/plugin-sdk/webhook-request-guards.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { IncomingMessage, ServerResponse } from "node:http";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../infra/errors.js";
 import {
   installRequestBodyLimitGuard,
   isRequestBodyLimitError,
@@ -268,8 +269,7 @@ export async function readWebhookBodyOrReject(params: {
     return respondWebhookBodyReadError({
       res: params.res,
       code: "INVALID_BODY",
-      invalidMessage:
-        params.invalidBodyMessage ?? (error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)),
+      invalidMessage: params.invalidBodyMessage ?? formatErrorMessage(error),
     });
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/video-generation/runtime.ts b/src/video-generation/runtime.ts
index 097baa03b09..3d58c7a63b3 100644
--- a/src/video-generation/runtime.ts
+++ b/src/video-generation/runtime.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { AuthProfileStore } from "../agents/auth-profiles.js";
 import { describeFailoverError, isFailoverError } from "../agents/failover-error.js";
 import type { FallbackAttempt } from "../agents/model-fallback.types.js";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "../infra/errors.js";
 import { createSubsystemLogger } from "../logging/subsystem.js";
 import {
   buildNoCapabilityModelConfiguredMessage,
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ export async function generateVideo(
       attempts.push({
         provider: candidate.provider,
         model: candidate.model,
-        error: described?.message ?? (err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)),
+        error: described?.message ?? formatErrorMessage(err),
         reason: described?.reason,
         status: described?.status,
         code: described?.code,