diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c4607f82824..89dac1a9d1d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - macOS/Gateway: fail managed LaunchAgent stop and restart when the configured gateway port remains busy after cleanup instead of reporting success while a listener survives. Fixes #73132. Thanks @BunsDev.
 - Telegram: ship the isolated polling worker at the root dist path used by the bundled worker loader, avoiding startup failures looking for `dist/telegram-ingress-worker.runtime.js`.
 - Telegram: skip unmentioned group media before download when `requireMention` is active, avoiding failed media-download replies for messages that should be ignored. Fixes #81181. (#81785) Thanks @joshavant.
+- Control UI/Gateway: stop stale token-mismatch reconnect loops when no trusted device-token retry is available, and cap rendered chat history by raw tool-output size so dashboard auth/history work cannot keep degrading channel sockets. Fixes #72139. Thanks @BunsDev.
 - Security/sandbox: include Windows `USERPROFILE` in the sandbox blocked home roots so credential-bearing binds (such as `.codex`, `.openclaw`, or `.ssh` under the Windows user profile) are denied even when `HOME` points at a different shell home. (#63074) Thanks @luoyanglang.
 - Agents/subagents: apply `agents.defaults.subagents.model` before target agent primary models during `sessions_spawn`, so model-scoped runtimes such as `claude-cli` stay attached to default child runs. Fixes #81395. (#81783) Thanks @joshavant.
 - Gateway/OpenAI-compatible HTTP: parse shared JSON endpoint paths without trusting malformed Host headers, avoiding 500s before `/v1/chat/completions`, `/v1/responses`, and `/v1/embeddings` request handling.
diff --git a/src/gateway/client.test.ts b/src/gateway/client.test.ts
index 1a1fbe8eb7e..831af17b1e2 100644
--- a/src/gateway/client.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/client.test.ts
@@ -1184,6 +1184,29 @@ describe("GatewayClient connect auth payload", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("does not auto-reconnect on token mismatch when no device-token retry is available", async () => {
+    loadDeviceAuthTokenMock.mockReturnValue(null);
+    const onReconnectPaused = vi.fn();
+    const client = new GatewayClient({
+      url: "ws://127.0.0.1:18789",
+      token: "shared-token",
+      onReconnectPaused,
+    });
+
+    const { ws: ws1, connect: firstConnect } = startClientAndConnect({ client });
+    await expectNoReconnectAfterConnectFailure({
+      client,
+      firstWs: ws1,
+      connectId: firstConnect.id,
+      failureDetails: { code: "AUTH_TOKEN_MISMATCH", canRetryWithDeviceToken: true },
+    });
+    expect(onReconnectPaused).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      code: 1008,
+      reason: "connect failed",
+      detailCode: "AUTH_TOKEN_MISMATCH",
+    });
+  });
+
   it("keeps reconnecting on PAIRING_REQUIRED when retry hints keep reconnect active", async () => {
     vi.useFakeTimers();
     const onReconnectPaused = vi.fn();
diff --git a/src/gateway/client.ts b/src/gateway/client.ts
index a8d1efe7905..9ad4ce16da7 100644
--- a/src/gateway/client.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/client.ts
@@ -725,18 +725,10 @@ export class GatewayClient {
     ) {
       return true;
     }
-    if (detailCode !== ConnectErrorDetailCodes.AUTH_TOKEN_MISMATCH) {
-      return false;
+    if (detailCode === ConnectErrorDetailCodes.AUTH_TOKEN_MISMATCH) {
+      return !this.pendingDeviceTokenRetry;
     }
-    if (this.pendingDeviceTokenRetry) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    // If the endpoint is not trusted for retry, mismatch is terminal until operator action.
-    if (!this.isTrustedDeviceRetryEndpoint()) {
-      return true;
-    }
-    // Pause mismatch reconnect loops once the one-shot device-token retry is consumed.
-    return this.deviceTokenRetryBudgetUsed;
+    return false;
   }
 
   private shouldRetryWithStoredDeviceToken(params: {
diff --git a/ui/src/ui/chat/build-chat-items.test.ts b/ui/src/ui/chat/build-chat-items.test.ts
index bdf10d2cdbf..93b07b9d440 100644
--- a/ui/src/ui/chat/build-chat-items.test.ts
+++ b/ui/src/ui/chat/build-chat-items.test.ts
@@ -236,6 +236,53 @@ describe("buildChatItems", () => {
     expect(messageRecord(groups[groups.length - 1]).content).toBe("message 104");
   });
 
+  it("budgets rendered history by tool-result content size", () => {
+    const largeOutput = "x".repeat(100_000);
+    const items = buildChatItems(
+      createProps({
+        messages: Array.from({ length: 6 }, (_, index) => ({
+          role: "assistant",
+          content: [
+            {
+              type: "tool_result",
+              tool_use_id: `tool-${index}`,
+              content: largeOutput,
+            },
+          ],
+          timestamp: index,
+        })),
+      }),
+    );
+
+    const groups = items.filter((item) => item.kind === "group");
+    const noticeGroup = requireGroup(items[0]);
+    expect(messageRecord(noticeGroup).content).toBe("Showing last 2 messages (4 hidden).");
+    expect(groups).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(groups[1].messages).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(messageRecord(groups[1], 0).timestamp).toBe(4);
+    expect(messageRecord(groups[1], 1).timestamp).toBe(5);
+  });
+
+  it("does not crash when history contains malformed entries", () => {
+    const items = buildChatItems(
+      createProps({
+        messages: [
+          null,
+          undefined,
+          {
+            role: "assistant",
+            content: "still visible",
+            timestamp: 1,
+          },
+        ],
+      }),
+    );
+
+    const groups = items.filter((item) => item.kind === "group");
+    expect(groups).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(messageRecord(groups[0]).content).toBe("still visible");
+  });
+
   it("does not collapse duplicate text messages separated by another message", () => {
     const groups = messageGroups({
       messages: [
diff --git a/ui/src/ui/chat/build-chat-items.ts b/ui/src/ui/chat/build-chat-items.ts
index 8668ad6bd68..44bb716bc87 100644
--- a/ui/src/ui/chat/build-chat-items.ts
+++ b/ui/src/ui/chat/build-chat-items.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-import type { ChatItem, MessageGroup, ToolCard } from "../types/chat-types.ts";
+import type { ChatItem, MessageGroup, NormalizedMessage, ToolCard } from "../types/chat-types.ts";
 import {
   isAssistantHeartbeatAckForDisplay,
   stripHeartbeatTokenForDisplay,
 } from "./heartbeat-display.ts";
-import { CHAT_HISTORY_RENDER_LIMIT } from "./history-limits.ts";
+import { CHAT_HISTORY_RENDER_CHAR_BUDGET, CHAT_HISTORY_RENDER_LIMIT } from "./history-limits.ts";
 import { extractTextCached } from "./message-extract.ts";
 import { normalizeMessage, stripMessageDisplayMetadataText } from "./message-normalizer.ts";
 import { normalizeRoleForGrouping } from "./role-normalizer.ts";
@@ -66,12 +66,32 @@ function appendCanvasBlockToAssistantMessage(
   };
 }
 
+function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
+  return value && typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value)
+    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
+    : null;
+}
+
+function safeNormalizeMessage(message: unknown): NormalizedMessage | null {
+  if (!asRecord(message)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  try {
+    return normalizeMessage(message);
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
 function extractChatMessagePreview(toolMessage: unknown): {
   preview: Extract<NonNullable<ToolCard["preview"]>, { kind: "canvas" }>;
   text: string | null;
   timestamp: number | null;
 } | null {
-  const normalized = normalizeMessage(toolMessage);
+  const normalized = safeNormalizeMessage(toolMessage);
+  if (!normalized) {
+    return null;
+  }
   const cards = extractToolCards(toolMessage, "preview");
   for (let index = cards.length - 1; index >= 0; index--) {
     const card = cards[index];
@@ -114,7 +134,7 @@ function findNearestAssistantMessageIndex(
       }
       return {
         index,
-        timestamp: normalizeMessage(item.message).timestamp ?? null,
+        timestamp: safeNormalizeMessage(item.message)?.timestamp ?? null,
       };
     })
     .filter(Boolean) as Array<{ index: number; timestamp: number | null }>;
@@ -203,7 +223,10 @@ function groupMessages(items: ChatItem[]): Array<ChatItem | MessageGroup> {
 }
 
 function collapseDuplicateDisplaySignature(message: unknown): string | null {
-  const normalized = normalizeMessage(message);
+  const normalized = safeNormalizeMessage(message);
+  if (!normalized) {
+    return null;
+  }
   const role = normalizeRoleForGrouping(normalized.role).toLowerCase();
   if (!role || role === "tool") {
     return null;
@@ -250,7 +273,10 @@ function collapseSequentialDuplicateMessages(items: ChatItem[]): ChatItem[] {
 }
 
 function hasRenderableNormalizedMessage(message: unknown): boolean {
-  const normalized = normalizeMessage(message);
+  const normalized = safeNormalizeMessage(message);
+  if (!normalized) {
+    return false;
+  }
   return normalized.content.length > 0 || Boolean(normalized.replyTarget);
 }
 
@@ -260,7 +286,7 @@ function sanitizeStreamText(text: string): string {
 }
 
 function rawMessageTimestamp(message: unknown): number | null {
-  const timestamp = (message as { timestamp?: unknown }).timestamp;
+  const timestamp = asRecord(message)?.timestamp;
   return typeof timestamp === "number" && Number.isFinite(timestamp) ? timestamp : null;
 }
 
@@ -301,6 +327,129 @@ function sortChatItemsByVisibleTime(items: ChatItem[]): ChatItem[] {
     .map(({ item }) => item);
 }
 
+type RawContentEstimateState = {
+  visited: WeakSet<object>;
+  nodes: number;
+};
+
+const RAW_CONTENT_ESTIMATE_MAX_DEPTH = 8;
+const RAW_CONTENT_ESTIMATE_MAX_NODES = 400;
+
+function addCapped(total: number, amount: number, limit: number): number {
+  return Math.min(limit, total + Math.max(0, amount));
+}
+
+function estimateRawContentChars(
+  value: unknown,
+  limit: number,
+  state: RawContentEstimateState,
+  depth = 0,
+): number {
+  if (limit <= 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    return Math.min(value.length, limit);
+  }
+  if (!value || typeof value !== "object") {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (depth >= RAW_CONTENT_ESTIMATE_MAX_DEPTH || state.nodes >= RAW_CONTENT_ESTIMATE_MAX_NODES) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (state.visited.has(value)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  state.visited.add(value);
+  state.nodes += 1;
+
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    let chars = 0;
+    for (const item of value) {
+      chars = addCapped(
+        chars,
+        estimateRawContentChars(item, limit - chars, state, depth + 1),
+        limit,
+      );
+      if (chars >= limit) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    return chars;
+  }
+
+  const record = value as Record<string, unknown>;
+  let chars = 0;
+  for (const key of ["text", "content", "args", "arguments", "input"] as const) {
+    chars = addCapped(
+      chars,
+      estimateRawContentChars(record[key], limit - chars, state, depth + 1),
+      limit,
+    );
+    if (chars >= limit) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return chars;
+}
+
+function estimateMessageRenderChars(message: unknown, limit: number): number {
+  const record = asRecord(message);
+  if (!record) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+  const state: RawContentEstimateState = { visited: new WeakSet<object>(), nodes: 0 };
+  let chars = 0;
+  for (const key of ["content", "text", "args", "arguments", "input"] as const) {
+    chars = addCapped(chars, estimateRawContentChars(record[key], limit - chars, state), limit);
+    if (chars >= limit) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return Math.max(chars, 1);
+}
+
+function isHiddenToolMessage(message: unknown, showToolCalls: boolean): boolean {
+  if (showToolCalls) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return safeNormalizeMessage(message)?.role.toLowerCase() === "toolresult";
+}
+
+function countVisibleHistoryMessages(messages: unknown[], showToolCalls: boolean): number {
+  let count = 0;
+  for (const message of messages) {
+    if (!isHiddenToolMessage(message, showToolCalls)) {
+      count += 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return count;
+}
+
+function resolveHistoryStartIndex(messages: unknown[], showToolCalls: boolean): number {
+  let visibleCount = 0;
+  let renderChars = 0;
+  let startIndex = messages.length;
+  for (let index = messages.length - 1; index >= 0; index -= 1) {
+    const message = messages[index];
+    if (isHiddenToolMessage(message, showToolCalls)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (visibleCount >= CHAT_HISTORY_RENDER_LIMIT) {
+      break;
+    }
+    const remainingBudget = Math.max(1, CHAT_HISTORY_RENDER_CHAR_BUDGET - renderChars + 1);
+    const messageChars = estimateMessageRenderChars(message, remainingBudget);
+    if (visibleCount > 0 && renderChars + messageChars > CHAT_HISTORY_RENDER_CHAR_BUDGET) {
+      break;
+    }
+    renderChars += messageChars;
+    visibleCount += 1;
+    startIndex = index;
+  }
+  return startIndex;
+}
+
 export function buildChatItems(props: BuildChatItemsProps): Array<ChatItem | MessageGroup> {
   let items: ChatItem[] = [];
   const history = (Array.isArray(props.messages) ? props.messages : []).filter(
@@ -314,22 +463,33 @@ export function buildChatItems(props: BuildChatItemsProps): Array<ChatItem | Mes
     text: string | null;
     timestamp: number | null;
   }>;
-  const historyStart = Math.max(0, history.length - CHAT_HISTORY_RENDER_LIMIT);
-  if (historyStart > 0) {
+  const historyStart = resolveHistoryStartIndex(history, props.showToolCalls);
+  const hiddenHistoryCount = countVisibleHistoryMessages(
+    history.slice(0, historyStart),
+    props.showToolCalls,
+  );
+  const visibleHistoryCount = countVisibleHistoryMessages(
+    history.slice(historyStart),
+    props.showToolCalls,
+  );
+  if (hiddenHistoryCount > 0) {
     items.push({
       kind: "message",
       key: "chat:history:notice",
       message: {
         role: "system",
-        content: `Showing last ${CHAT_HISTORY_RENDER_LIMIT} messages (${historyStart} hidden).`,
+        content: `Showing last ${visibleHistoryCount} messages (${hiddenHistoryCount} hidden).`,
         timestamp: Date.now(),
       },
     });
   }
   for (let i = historyStart; i < history.length; i++) {
     const msg = history[i];
-    const normalized = normalizeMessage(msg);
-    const raw = msg as Record<string, unknown>;
+    const normalized = safeNormalizeMessage(msg);
+    if (!normalized) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const raw = asRecord(msg) ?? {};
     const marker = raw.__openclaw as Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
     if (marker && marker.kind === "compaction") {
       items.push({
@@ -433,7 +593,7 @@ export function buildChatItems(props: BuildChatItemsProps): Array<ChatItem | Mes
 }
 
 function messageKey(message: unknown, index: number): string {
-  const m = message as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const m = asRecord(message) ?? {};
   const toolCallId = typeof m.toolCallId === "string" ? m.toolCallId : "";
   if (toolCallId) {
     const role = typeof m.role === "string" ? m.role : "unknown";
diff --git a/ui/src/ui/chat/history-limits.ts b/ui/src/ui/chat/history-limits.ts
index 5fe17cfc195..3cd1dea48fd 100644
--- a/ui/src/ui/chat/history-limits.ts
+++ b/ui/src/ui/chat/history-limits.ts
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 export const CHAT_HISTORY_RENDER_LIMIT = 100;
+export const CHAT_HISTORY_RENDER_CHAR_BUDGET = 240_000;
diff --git a/ui/src/ui/gateway.node.test.ts b/ui/src/ui/gateway.node.test.ts
index a160a4a73e4..31db40dbe1c 100644
--- a/ui/src/ui/gateway.node.test.ts
+++ b/ui/src/ui/gateway.node.test.ts
@@ -673,11 +673,13 @@ describe("GatewayBrowserClient", () => {
     vi.useRealTimers();
   });
 
-  it("reconnects without cached device token for DNS hosts beginning with a 127 label", async () => {
+  it("stops reconnecting on token mismatch for DNS hosts beginning with a 127 label", async () => {
     useNodeFakeTimers();
+    const onClose = vi.fn();
     const client = new GatewayBrowserClient({
       url: "ws://127.example.invalid:18789",
       token: "shared-auth-token",
+      onClose,
     });
 
     try {
@@ -689,12 +691,19 @@ describe("GatewayBrowserClient", () => {
       await expectSocketClosed(firstWs);
       firstWs.emitClose(4008, "connect failed");
 
-      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(800);
-      const secondWs = getLatestWebSocket();
-      expect(secondWs).not.toBe(firstWs);
-      const { connectFrame: secondConnect } = await continueConnect(secondWs, "nonce-2");
-      expect(secondConnect.params?.auth?.token).toBe("shared-auth-token");
-      expect(secondConnect.params?.auth?.deviceToken).toBeUndefined();
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000);
+      expect(wsInstances).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(onClose).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        code: 4008,
+        reason: "connect failed",
+        error: {
+          code: "INVALID_REQUEST",
+          message: "unauthorized",
+          details: { code: "AUTH_TOKEN_MISMATCH", canRetryWithDeviceToken: true },
+          retryable: false,
+          retryAfterMs: undefined,
+        },
+      });
     } finally {
       client.stop();
       vi.useRealTimers();
@@ -753,13 +762,15 @@ describe("GatewayBrowserClient", () => {
     vi.useRealTimers();
   });
 
-  it("continues reconnecting on first token mismatch when no retry was attempted", async () => {
+  it("stops reconnecting on token mismatch when no device-token retry is available", async () => {
     useNodeFakeTimers();
     localStorage.clear();
+    const onClose = vi.fn();
 
     const client = new GatewayBrowserClient({
       url: "ws://127.0.0.1:18789",
       token: "shared-auth-token",
+      onClose,
     });
 
     const { ws: ws1, connectFrame: firstConnect } = await startConnect(client);
@@ -777,8 +788,19 @@ describe("GatewayBrowserClient", () => {
     await expectSocketClosed(ws1);
     ws1.emitClose(4008, "connect failed");
 
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(800);
-    expect(wsInstances).toHaveLength(2);
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000);
+    expect(wsInstances).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(onClose).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      code: 4008,
+      reason: "connect failed",
+      error: {
+        code: "INVALID_REQUEST",
+        message: "unauthorized",
+        details: { code: "AUTH_TOKEN_MISMATCH" },
+        retryable: false,
+        retryAfterMs: undefined,
+      },
+    });
 
     client.stop();
     vi.useRealTimers();
diff --git a/ui/src/ui/gateway.ts b/ui/src/ui/gateway.ts
index 02e93a3baee..27a80073513 100644
--- a/ui/src/ui/gateway.ts
+++ b/ui/src/ui/gateway.ts
@@ -499,11 +499,10 @@ export class GatewayBrowserClient {
       this.flushPending(new Error(`gateway closed (${ev.code}): ${reason}`));
       this.opts.onClose?.({ code: ev.code, reason, error: connectError });
       const connectErrorCode = resolveGatewayErrorDetailCode(connectError);
-      if (
-        connectErrorCode === ConnectErrorDetailCodes.AUTH_TOKEN_MISMATCH &&
-        this.deviceTokenRetryBudgetUsed &&
-        !this.pendingDeviceTokenRetry
-      ) {
+      if (connectErrorCode === ConnectErrorDetailCodes.AUTH_TOKEN_MISMATCH) {
+        if (this.pendingDeviceTokenRetry) {
+          this.scheduleReconnect();
+        }
         return;
       }
       if (!isNonRecoverableAuthError(connectError)) {