diff --git a/src/plugins/loader.test.ts b/src/plugins/loader.test.ts
index 74b3c2ee62f..5e61ccc60dd 100644
--- a/src/plugins/loader.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/loader.test.ts
@@ -1929,7 +1929,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
       onlyPluginIds: [],
     });
 
-    expect(registry.plugins).toEqual([]);
+    expect(registry.plugins).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("skips discovery and manifest registry loading entirely when onlyPluginIds is an explicit empty array", async () => {
@@ -1957,7 +1957,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
       onlyPluginIds: [],
     });
 
-    expect(registry.plugins).toEqual([]);
+    expect(registry.plugins).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(discoverySpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
     expect(manifestSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
 
@@ -1999,7 +1999,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
 
     expect(scoped.plugins.find((entry) => entry.id === "command-plugin")?.status).toBe("loaded");
     expect(scoped.commands.map((entry) => entry.command.name)).toEqual(["pair"]);
-    expect(getPluginCommandSpecs("telegram")).toEqual([]);
+    expect(getPluginCommandSpecs("telegram")).toStrictEqual([]);
 
     const active = loadOpenClawPlugins({
       cache: false,
@@ -2065,7 +2065,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
         },
       },
     });
-    expect(listAgentHarnessIds()).toEqual([]);
+    expect(listAgentHarnessIds()).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("rejects malformed plugin agent harness registrations", () => {
@@ -2096,7 +2096,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
       onlyPluginIds: ["bad-harness"],
     });
 
-    expect(listAgentHarnessIds()).toEqual([]);
+    expect(listAgentHarnessIds()).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(registry.diagnostics).toContainEqual(
       expect.objectContaining({
         level: "error",
@@ -2137,7 +2137,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
       "loaded",
     );
     expect(scoped.hooks.map((entry) => entry.entry.hook.name)).toEqual(["snapshot-hook"]);
-    expect(getRegisteredEventKeys()).toEqual([]);
+    expect(getRegisteredEventKeys()).toStrictEqual([]);
 
     clearInternalHooks();
   });
@@ -2315,19 +2315,19 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
     expect(registry.plugins.find((entry) => entry.id === "failing-side-effects")?.status).toBe(
       "error",
     );
-    expect(getRegisteredEventKeys()).toEqual([]);
-    expect(getPluginCommandSpecs()).toEqual([]);
-    expect(registry.reloads).toEqual([]);
-    expect(registry.nodeHostCommands).toEqual([]);
-    expect(registry.nodeInvokePolicies).toEqual([]);
-    expect(registry.securityAuditCollectors).toEqual([]);
+    expect(getRegisteredEventKeys()).toStrictEqual([]);
+    expect(getPluginCommandSpecs()).toStrictEqual([]);
+    expect(registry.reloads).toStrictEqual([]);
+    expect(registry.nodeHostCommands).toStrictEqual([]);
+    expect(registry.nodeInvokePolicies).toStrictEqual([]);
+    expect(registry.securityAuditCollectors).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(resolvePluginInteractiveNamespaceMatch("slack", "failme:payload")).toBeNull();
     expect(getContextEngineFactory("failme-context")).toBeUndefined();
     expect(listContextEngineIds()).not.toContain("failme-context");
 
     const event = createInternalHookEvent("gateway", "startup", "gateway:startup");
     await triggerInternalHook(event);
-    expect(event.messages).toEqual([]);
+    expect(event.messages).toStrictEqual([]);
 
     clearInternalHooks();
     clearPluginCommands();
@@ -2365,8 +2365,8 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
     expect(record?.status).toBe("error");
     expect(record?.failurePhase).toBe("register");
     expect(record?.error).toContain("hook registration missing name");
-    expect(registry.hooks).toEqual([]);
-    expect(getRegisteredEventKeys()).toEqual([]);
+    expect(registry.hooks).toStrictEqual([]);
+    expect(getRegisteredEventKeys()).toStrictEqual([]);
     expectDiagnosticContaining({
       registry,
       level: "error",
@@ -2633,11 +2633,11 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
     });
 
     expect(registry.plugins.find((entry) => entry.id === "failing-memory")?.status).toBe("error");
-    expect(buildMemoryPromptSection({ availableTools: new Set() })).toEqual([]);
-    expect(listMemoryCorpusSupplements()).toEqual([]);
+    expect(buildMemoryPromptSection({ availableTools: new Set() })).toStrictEqual([]);
+    expect(listMemoryCorpusSupplements()).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(resolveMemoryFlushPlan({})).toBeNull();
     expect(getMemoryRuntime()).toBeUndefined();
-    expect(listMemoryEmbeddingProviders()).toEqual([]);
+    expect(listMemoryEmbeddingProviders()).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("does not replace the active detached task runtime during non-activating loads", () => {
@@ -2827,7 +2827,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
 
     clearPluginCommands();
     clearPluginInteractiveHandlerRegistrations();
-    expect(getPluginCommandSpecs()).toEqual([]);
+    expect(getPluginCommandSpecs()).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(resolvePluginInteractiveNamespaceMatch("telegram", "hue:on")).toBeNull();
 
     loadOpenClawPlugins(loadOptions);
@@ -3088,7 +3088,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
       },
     });
 
-    expect(registry.tools).toEqual([]);
+    expect(registry.tools).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(registry.diagnostics).toEqual(
       expect.arrayContaining([
         expect.objectContaining({
@@ -3130,7 +3130,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
       },
     });
 
-    expect(registry.tools).toEqual([]);
+    expect(registry.tools).toStrictEqual([]);
     expect(registry.diagnostics).toEqual(
       expect.arrayContaining([
         expect.objectContaining({
@@ -3178,7 +3178,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
     expect(second).toBe(first);
     expect((globalThis as Record<string, unknown>)[marker]).toBe(1);
     expect(first.commands.map((entry) => entry.command.name)).toEqual(["snapshot-command"]);
-    expect(getPluginCommandSpecs()).toEqual([]);
+    expect(getPluginCommandSpecs()).toStrictEqual([]);
 
     const active = loadOpenClawPlugins({
       workspaceDir: plugin.dir,
@@ -4081,7 +4081,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
             pluginId: "memory-prompt-supplement-malformed",
             message: "memory prompt supplement registration missing builder",
           });
-          expect(listMemoryPromptSupplements()).toEqual([]);
+          expect(listMemoryPromptSupplements()).toStrictEqual([]);
         },
       },
       {
@@ -4315,7 +4315,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
     expect(record?.gatewayDiscoveryServiceIds).toEqual(["shared-service"]);
     expect(registry.services).toHaveLength(1);
     expect(registry.gatewayDiscoveryServices).toHaveLength(1);
-    expect(registry.diagnostics).toEqual([]);
+    expect(registry.diagnostics).toStrictEqual([]);
   });
 
   it("rewrites removed registerHttpHandler failures into migration diagnostics", () => {
@@ -4418,7 +4418,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
           );
           expect(routes).toHaveLength(1);
           expect(routes[0]?.path).toBe("/demo");
-          expect(registry.diagnostics).toEqual([]);
+          expect(registry.diagnostics).toStrictEqual([]);
         },
       },
       {
@@ -4489,7 +4489,7 @@ module.exports = { id: "throws-after-import", register() {} };`,
             (entry) => entry.pluginId === "http-route-overlap-same-auth",
           );
           expect(routes).toHaveLength(2);
-          expect(registry.diagnostics).toEqual([]);
+          expect(registry.diagnostics).toStrictEqual([]);
         },
       },
     ] as const;
@@ -5620,7 +5620,7 @@ module.exports = {
       },
     });
 
-    expect(registry.typedHooks).toEqual([]);
+    expect(registry.typedHooks).toStrictEqual([]);
     const blockedDiagnostics = registry.diagnostics.filter((diag) =>
       diag.message.includes(
         "non-bundled plugins must set plugins.entries.conversation-hooks.hooks.allowConversationAccess=true",
@@ -6875,7 +6875,7 @@ module.exports = {
         },
       });
 
-      expect(warnings).toEqual([]);
+      expect(warnings).toStrictEqual([]);
       expectDiagnosticContaining({
         registry,
         level: "warn",