feat(android): localize onboarding and navigation

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/CommandPalette.kt

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package ai.openclaw.app.ui
 import ai.openclaw.app.GatewayModelProviderSummary
 import ai.openclaw.app.GatewayModelSummary
 import ai.openclaw.app.MainViewModel
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeString
 import ai.openclaw.app.ui.design.ClawEmptyState
 import ai.openclaw.app.ui.design.ClawPanel
 import ai.openclaw.app.ui.design.ClawPlainIconButton
@@ -97,25 +98,25 @@ internal fun CommandPalette(
           ) {
             ClawPlainIconButton(
               icon = Icons.AutoMirrored.Filled.ArrowBack,
-              contentDescription = "Close search",
+              contentDescription = nativeString("Close search"),
               onClick = onDismiss,
             )
-            Text(text = "Search", style = ClawTheme.type.title, color = ClawTheme.colors.text, modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), textAlign = TextAlign.Center)
+            Text(text = nativeString("Search"), style = ClawTheme.type.title, color = ClawTheme.colors.text, modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), textAlign = TextAlign.Center)
             CommandAvatar(text = "OC")
           }
         }
 
         item {
-          ClawTextField(value = query, onValueChange = { query = it }, placeholder = "Search OpenClaw")
+          ClawTextField(value = query, onValueChange = { query = it }, placeholder = nativeString("Search OpenClaw"))
         }
 
         item {
-          CommandSectionLabel(title = "Quick actions")
+          CommandSectionLabel(title = nativeString("Quick actions"))
         }
 
         if (actionRows.isEmpty()) {
           item {
-            ClawEmptyState(title = "No actions found", body = "Try Chat, Voice, Sessions, Providers, or Settings.")
+            ClawEmptyState(title = nativeString("No actions found"), body = nativeString("Try Chat, Voice, Sessions, Providers, or Settings."))
           }
         } else {
           item {
@@ -124,14 +125,14 @@ internal fun CommandPalette(
         }
 
         item {
-          CommandSectionLabel(title = "Sessions")
+          CommandSectionLabel(title = nativeString("Sessions"))
         }
 
         if (sessionRows.isEmpty()) {
           item {
             ClawPanel {
               Text(
-                text = if (isConnected) "No matching sessions yet." else "Connect the Gateway to search sessions.",
+                text = if (isConnected) nativeString("No matching sessions yet.") else nativeString("Connect the Gateway to search sessions."),
                 style = ClawTheme.type.body,
                 color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
               )
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ internal fun CommandPalette(
                   CommandSessionRow(
                     key = session.key,
                     title = commandSessionTitle(session.displayName),
-                    subtitle = if (pendingRunCount > 0) "Assistant working" else "OpenClaw session",
+                    subtitle = if (pendingRunCount > 0) nativeString("Assistant working") else nativeString("OpenClaw session"),
                     metadata = session.updatedAtMs?.let(::commandRelativeTime) ?: "now",
                   )
                 },
@@ -200,10 +201,10 @@ private fun CommandActionRow(row: CommandItem) {
     ) {
       CommandRowIcon(icon = row.icon)
       Column(modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(1.dp)) {
-        Text(text = row.title, style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.text, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
-        Text(text = row.subtitle, style = ClawTheme.type.caption, color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
+        Text(text = nativeString(row.title), style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.text, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
+        Text(text = nativeString(row.subtitle), style = ClawTheme.type.caption, color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
       }
-      CommandRowChevron(contentDescription = "Open ${row.title}")
+      CommandRowChevron(contentDescription = nativeString("Open \${row.title}", row.title))
     }
   }
 }
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ private fun CommandSessionListRow(
         Text(text = row.subtitle, style = ClawTheme.type.caption, color = ClawTheme.colors.textSubtle, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
       }
       Text(text = row.metadata, style = ClawTheme.type.caption, color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
-      CommandRowChevron(contentDescription = "Open session")
+      CommandRowChevron(contentDescription = nativeString("Open session"))
     }
   }
 }
@@ -301,16 +302,16 @@ internal fun providerCommandSubtitle(
   providers: List<GatewayModelProviderSummary>,
   models: List<GatewayModelSummary>,
 ): String {
-  if (!isConnected) return "Connect Gateway to view providers"
+  if (!isConnected) return nativeString("Connect Gateway to view providers")
   val rows = providerRows(providers = providers, models = models)
   val readyProviderCount = rows.count { it.ready }
-  if (readyProviderCount > 0) return "$readyProviderCount providers ready"
-  if (rows.any { it.availability == ProviderAvailability.Unknown }) return "Provider availability unknown"
-  return "No ready providers"
+  if (readyProviderCount > 0) return nativeString("\$readyProviderCount providers ready", readyProviderCount)
+  if (rows.any { it.availability == ProviderAvailability.Unknown }) return nativeString("Provider availability unknown")
+  return nativeString("No ready providers")
 }
 
 /** Falls back to the canonical main-session label when gateway display names are blank. */
-private fun commandSessionTitle(displayName: String?): String = displayName?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: "Main session"
+private fun commandSessionTitle(displayName: String?): String = displayName?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: nativeString("Main session")
 
 /** Formats command-palette session timestamps for compact rows. */
 private fun commandRelativeTime(updatedAtMs: Long): String {

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayConfigResolver.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package ai.openclaw.app.ui
 
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.isLocalCleartextGatewayHost
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeString
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonObject
 import kotlinx.serialization.json.JsonPrimitive
@@ -304,26 +305,26 @@ internal fun gatewayEndpointValidationMessage(
     GatewayEndpointValidationError.INSECURE_REMOTE_URL ->
       when (source) {
         GatewayEndpointInputSource.SETUP_CODE ->
-          "Setup code points to an insecure remote gateway. $remoteGatewaySecurityRule $remoteGatewaySecurityFix"
+          nativeString("Setup code points to an insecure remote gateway. \$remoteGatewaySecurityRule \$remoteGatewaySecurityFix", remoteGatewaySecurityRule, remoteGatewaySecurityFix)
         GatewayEndpointInputSource.QR_SCAN ->
-          "QR code points to an insecure remote gateway. $remoteGatewaySecurityRule $remoteGatewaySecurityFix"
+          nativeString("QR code points to an insecure remote gateway. \$remoteGatewaySecurityRule \$remoteGatewaySecurityFix", remoteGatewaySecurityRule, remoteGatewaySecurityFix)
         GatewayEndpointInputSource.MANUAL ->
-          "$remoteGatewaySecurityRule $remoteGatewaySecurityFix"
+          nativeString("\$remoteGatewaySecurityRule \$remoteGatewaySecurityFix", remoteGatewaySecurityRule, remoteGatewaySecurityFix)
       }
     GatewayEndpointValidationError.IPV6_ZONE_ID_UNSUPPORTED ->
       when (source) {
         GatewayEndpointInputSource.SETUP_CODE ->
-          "Setup code uses an IPv6 zone ID. Use an unscoped IPv6 address or a LAN hostname."
+          nativeString("Setup code uses an IPv6 zone ID. Use an unscoped IPv6 address or a LAN hostname.")
         GatewayEndpointInputSource.QR_SCAN ->
-          "QR code uses an IPv6 zone ID. Use an unscoped IPv6 address or a LAN hostname."
+          nativeString("QR code uses an IPv6 zone ID. Use an unscoped IPv6 address or a LAN hostname.")
         GatewayEndpointInputSource.MANUAL ->
-          "IPv6 zone IDs are not supported. Use an unscoped IPv6 address or a LAN hostname."
+          nativeString("IPv6 zone IDs are not supported. Use an unscoped IPv6 address or a LAN hostname.")
       }
     GatewayEndpointValidationError.INVALID_URL ->
       when (source) {
-        GatewayEndpointInputSource.SETUP_CODE -> "Setup code has invalid gateway URL."
-        GatewayEndpointInputSource.QR_SCAN -> "QR code did not contain a valid setup code."
-        GatewayEndpointInputSource.MANUAL -> "Enter a valid manual endpoint to connect."
+        GatewayEndpointInputSource.SETUP_CODE -> nativeString("Setup code has invalid gateway URL.")
+        GatewayEndpointInputSource.QR_SCAN -> nativeString("QR code did not contain a valid setup code.")
+        GatewayEndpointInputSource.MANUAL -> nativeString("Enter a valid manual endpoint to connect.")
       }
   }
 

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/GatewayDiagnostics.kt

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import ai.openclaw.app.GatewayConnectionProblem
 import ai.openclaw.app.GatewayNodeApprovalState
 import ai.openclaw.app.GatewayNodeCapabilityApproval
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.normalizeGatewayApprovalRequestId
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeString
 import android.content.ClipData
 import android.content.ClipboardManager
 import android.content.Context
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ internal fun openClawAndroidVersionLabel(): String {
 }
 
 /** Normalizes blank gateway status text for display and diagnostics copy. */
-internal fun gatewayStatusForDisplay(statusText: String): String = statusText.trim().ifEmpty { "Offline" }
+internal fun gatewayStatusForDisplay(statusText: String): String = statusText.trim().ifEmpty { nativeString("Offline") }
 
 /** Resolves the best non-secret endpoint label available to diagnostics surfaces. */
 internal fun gatewayDiagnosticsEndpoint(
@@ -77,15 +78,15 @@ private enum class GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind {
 
 private fun gatewayAuthRecoveryLabel(kind: GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind): String =
   when (kind) {
-    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.SETUP_CODE_EXPIRED -> "Setup code expired"
-    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.TOKEN_NEEDED -> "Gateway token needed"
-    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.TOKEN_NOT_CONFIGURED -> "Gateway token not configured"
-    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.PASSWORD_NEEDED -> "Gateway password needed"
-    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.PASSWORD_INVALID -> "Gateway password invalid"
-    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.PASSWORD_NOT_CONFIGURED -> "Gateway password not configured"
-    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.ACCESS_NEEDS_REVIEW -> "Gateway access needs review"
-    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.SAVED_AUTH_INVALID -> "Saved auth invalid"
-    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.DEVICE_IDENTITY_REQUIRED -> "Device identity required"
+    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.SETUP_CODE_EXPIRED -> nativeString("Setup code expired")
+    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.TOKEN_NEEDED -> nativeString("Gateway token needed")
+    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.TOKEN_NOT_CONFIGURED -> nativeString("Gateway token not configured")
+    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.PASSWORD_NEEDED -> nativeString("Gateway password needed")
+    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.PASSWORD_INVALID -> nativeString("Gateway password invalid")
+    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.PASSWORD_NOT_CONFIGURED -> nativeString("Gateway password not configured")
+    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.ACCESS_NEEDS_REVIEW -> nativeString("Gateway access needs review")
+    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.SAVED_AUTH_INVALID -> nativeString("Saved auth invalid")
+    GatewayAuthRecoveryLabelKind.DEVICE_IDENTITY_REQUIRED -> nativeString("Device identity required")
   }
 
 /** Returns the exact host command for one node's approval state when available. */
@@ -168,5 +169,5 @@ internal fun copyGatewayDiagnosticsReport(
   val clipboard = context.getSystemService(ClipboardManager::class.java) ?: return
   val report = buildGatewayDiagnosticsReport(screen = screen, gatewayAddress = gatewayAddress, statusText = statusText)
   clipboard.setPrimaryClip(ClipData.newPlainText("OpenClaw gateway diagnostics", report))
-  Toast.makeText(context, "Copied gateway diagnostics", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+  Toast.makeText(context, nativeString("Copied gateway diagnostics"), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
 }

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/OnboardingFlow.kt

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import ai.openclaw.app.SensitiveFeatureConfig
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.GatewayEndpoint
 import ai.openclaw.app.gateway.isLocalCleartextGatewayHost
 import ai.openclaw.app.hasPhotoReadPermission
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeString
 import ai.openclaw.app.node.DeviceNotificationListenerService
 import ai.openclaw.app.photoReadPermissionsForRequest
 import ai.openclaw.app.ui.design.ClawDesignTheme
@@ -695,12 +696,12 @@ fun OnboardingFlow(
         },
         confirmButton = {
           TextButton(onClick = viewModel::acceptGatewayTrustPrompt) {
-            Text("Trust")
+            Text(nativeString("Trust"))
           }
         },
         dismissButton = {
           TextButton(onClick = viewModel::declineGatewayTrustPrompt) {
-            Text("Cancel")
+            Text(nativeString("Cancel"))
           }
         },
       )
@@ -891,8 +892,8 @@ private fun WelcomeScreen(
     Column(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize(), horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally) {
       OnboardingHeroTopSpacer(afterHeader = false)
       OnboardingIntroHero(
-        title = "Welcome to OpenClaw",
-        subtitle = "Turn this device into a secure OpenClaw node for chat, voice, camera, and device tools.",
+        title = nativeString("Welcome to OpenClaw"),
+        subtitle = nativeString("Turn this device into a secure OpenClaw node for chat, voice, camera, and device tools."),
         mark = { WelcomeLogo() },
       )
       Spacer(modifier = Modifier.height(24.dp))
@@ -901,7 +902,7 @@ private fun WelcomeScreen(
       SecurityNotice()
       Spacer(modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
       OnboardingActions {
-        ClawPrimaryButton(text = "Continue", onClick = onConnect, modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton())
+        ClawPrimaryButton(text = nativeString("Continue"), onClick = onConnect, modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton())
       }
     }
   }
@@ -917,7 +918,7 @@ private fun WelcomeLogo() {
     border = BorderStroke(1.dp, ClawTheme.colors.border),
   ) {
     Box(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize().padding(12.dp), contentAlignment = Alignment.Center) {
-      OpenClawMascot(contentDescription = "OpenClaw logo", modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize())
+      OpenClawMascot(contentDescription = nativeString("OpenClaw logo"), modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize())
     }
   }
 }
@@ -973,9 +974,9 @@ private fun OnboardingHeroTopSpacer(afterHeader: Boolean) {
 private fun WelcomeChecklist() {
   SoftPanel {
     Column(verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(13.dp)) {
-      WelcomeChecklistRow(icon = Icons.Default.Link, text = "Connect to your Gateway")
-      WelcomeChecklistRow(icon = Icons.Default.Security, text = "Choose device permissions")
-      WelcomeChecklistRow(icon = Icons.Default.CheckCircle, text = "Use OpenClaw from your phone")
+      WelcomeChecklistRow(icon = Icons.Default.Link, text = nativeString("Connect to your Gateway"))
+      WelcomeChecklistRow(icon = Icons.Default.Security, text = nativeString("Choose device permissions"))
+      WelcomeChecklistRow(icon = Icons.Default.CheckCircle, text = nativeString("Use OpenClaw from your phone"))
     }
   }
 }
@@ -997,9 +998,9 @@ private fun SecurityNotice() {
     Row(horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(12.dp), verticalAlignment = Alignment.Top) {
       Icon(imageVector = Icons.Default.ErrorOutline, contentDescription = null, modifier = Modifier.size(24.dp), tint = ClawTheme.colors.warning)
       Column(verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(6.dp)) {
-        Text(text = "Security notice", style = ClawTheme.type.section, color = ClawTheme.colors.text)
+        Text(text = nativeString("Security notice"), style = ClawTheme.type.section, color = ClawTheme.colors.text)
         Text(
-          text = "The connected OpenClaw agent can use device capabilities you enable. Continue only if you trust the Gateway and agent you connect to.",
+          text = nativeString("The connected OpenClaw agent can use device capabilities you enable. Continue only if you trust the Gateway and agent you connect to."),
           style = ClawTheme.type.body,
           color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
         )
@@ -1040,8 +1041,8 @@ private fun GatewaySetupScreen(
       OnboardingHeroTopSpacer(afterHeader = true)
       Column(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(), horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally) {
         OnboardingIntroHero(
-          title = "Connect Gateway",
-          subtitle = "Scan a QR code or use the setup code from your OpenClaw Gateway.",
+          title = nativeString("Connect Gateway"),
+          subtitle = nativeString("Scan a QR code or use the setup code from your OpenClaw Gateway."),
           mark = { GatewayLogo() },
         )
         Spacer(modifier = Modifier.height(24.dp))
@@ -1050,7 +1051,7 @@ private fun GatewaySetupScreen(
             runCatching {
               uriHandler.openUri(ANDROID_SETUP_GUIDE_URL)
             }.onFailure {
-              Toast.makeText(context, "Could not open setup guide.", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+              Toast.makeText(context, nativeString("Could not open setup guide."), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
             }
           },
         )
@@ -1058,13 +1059,13 @@ private fun GatewaySetupScreen(
       Spacer(modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
       OnboardingActions {
         ClawPrimaryButton(
-          text = "Scan QR or setup code",
+          text = nativeString("Scan QR or setup code"),
           icon = Icons.Default.QrCode2,
           onClick = onSetupCode,
           modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton(),
         )
         ClawSecondaryButton(
-          text = "Set up manually",
+          text = nativeString("Set up manually"),
           icon = Icons.Default.Link,
           onClick = onManualSetup,
           modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton(),
@@ -1086,24 +1087,24 @@ private fun OnboardingActions(content: @Composable ColumnScope.() -> Unit) {
 private fun GatewayPrerequisites(onOpenSetupGuide: () -> Unit) {
   Column(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(14.dp)) {
     Text(
-      text = "Before you start",
+      text = nativeString("Before you start"),
       style = ClawTheme.type.label,
       color = ClawTheme.colors.text,
       modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
     )
     GatewayPrerequisiteRow(
-      title = "Access to the Gateway device",
-      body = "Have a terminal open on the device running OpenClaw.",
+      title = nativeString("Access to the Gateway device"),
+      body = nativeString("Have a terminal open on the device running OpenClaw."),
     )
     GatewayPrerequisiteRow(
-      title = "Phone can reach the Gateway",
-      body = "Use the same network, or a secure remote Gateway URL.",
+      title = nativeString("Phone can reach the Gateway"),
+      body = nativeString("Use the same network, or a secure remote Gateway URL."),
     )
     Box(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(), contentAlignment = Alignment.Center) {
       TextButton(onClick = onOpenSetupGuide) {
         Icon(imageVector = Icons.Default.Link, contentDescription = null, modifier = Modifier.size(16.dp), tint = ClawTheme.colors.primary)
         Spacer(modifier = Modifier.width(7.dp))
-        Text(text = "Android setup guide", style = ClawTheme.type.label, color = ClawTheme.colors.primary)
+        Text(text = nativeString("Android setup guide"), style = ClawTheme.type.label, color = ClawTheme.colors.primary)
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1146,19 +1147,19 @@ private fun SetupCodeInstructionsScreen(
         verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(18.dp),
       ) {
         item {
-          OnboardingHeader(title = "Setup Gateway", onBack = onBack)
+          OnboardingHeader(title = nativeString("Setup Gateway"), onBack = onBack)
         }
         item {
           Column(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth().padding(top = 8.dp), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(18.dp)) {
             SetupInstruction(
               step = "Step 1",
-              title = "Start your Gateway.",
+              title = nativeString("Start your Gateway."),
               body = "openclaw gateway",
               monospaceBody = true,
             )
             SetupInstruction(
               step = "Step 2",
-              title = "Generate a QR code.",
+              title = nativeString("Generate a QR code."),
               body = "openclaw qr",
               monospaceBody = true,
             )
@@ -1179,13 +1180,13 @@ private fun SetupCodeInstructionsScreen(
       }
       OnboardingActions {
         ClawSecondaryButton(
-          text = "Choose from gallery",
+          text = nativeString("Choose from gallery"),
           icon = Icons.Default.Image,
           onClick = onChooseFromGallery,
           modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton(),
         )
         ClawSecondaryButton(
-          text = "Enter setup code",
+          text = nativeString("Enter setup code"),
           icon = Icons.Default.QrCode2,
           onClick = onEnterSetupCode,
           modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton(),
@@ -1233,7 +1234,7 @@ private fun SetupScanErrorDialog(
             }
           }
           Text(
-            text = "QR code not accepted",
+            text = nativeString("QR code not accepted"),
             style = ClawTheme.type.title,
             color = ClawTheme.colors.text,
             modifier = Modifier.weight(1f),
@@ -1248,13 +1249,13 @@ private fun SetupScanErrorDialog(
 
         Column(verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(OnboardingActionGap), modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth()) {
           ClawPrimaryButton(
-            text = "Choose another image",
+            text = nativeString("Choose another image"),
             icon = Icons.Default.Image,
             onClick = onChooseAnotherImage,
             modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton(),
           )
           ClawSecondaryButton(
-            text = "Enter setup code",
+            text = nativeString("Enter setup code"),
             icon = Icons.Default.QrCode2,
             onClick = onEnterSetupCode,
             modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton(),
@@ -1301,9 +1302,9 @@ private fun ScanQrTile(
               Icon(imageVector = Icons.Default.CameraAlt, contentDescription = null, modifier = Modifier.size(28.dp))
             }
           }
-          Text(text = "Scan QR code", style = ClawTheme.type.title.copy(fontSize = 20.sp, lineHeight = 25.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.text, textAlign = TextAlign.Center)
+          Text(text = nativeString("Scan QR code"), style = ClawTheme.type.title.copy(fontSize = 20.sp, lineHeight = 25.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.text, textAlign = TextAlign.Center)
           Text(
-            text = "Open the camera and frame the code from openclaw qr.",
+            text = nativeString("Open the camera and frame the code from openclaw qr."),
             style = ClawTheme.type.caption,
             color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
             textAlign = TextAlign.Center,
@@ -1337,7 +1338,7 @@ private fun ScanQrTile(
           )
         }
         Text(
-          text = "Align the QR code inside the square.",
+          text = nativeString("Align the QR code inside the square."),
           style = ClawTheme.type.caption,
           color = Color.White,
           modifier =
@@ -1355,12 +1356,12 @@ private fun ScanQrTile(
         Column(horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally, verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(12.dp)) {
           Icon(imageVector = Icons.Default.CameraAlt, contentDescription = null, modifier = Modifier.size(36.dp), tint = ClawTheme.colors.text)
           Text(
-            text = "Camera access is needed to scan the setup QR.",
+            text = nativeString("Camera access is needed to scan the setup QR."),
             style = ClawTheme.type.body,
             color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
             textAlign = TextAlign.Center,
           )
-          ClawPrimaryButton(text = "Allow camera", icon = Icons.Default.CameraAlt, onClick = onRequestCameraPermission, modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton())
+          ClawPrimaryButton(text = nativeString("Allow camera"), icon = Icons.Default.CameraAlt, onClick = onRequestCameraPermission, modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton())
         }
       }
     }
@@ -1381,7 +1382,7 @@ private fun ScannerCloseButton(
     border = BorderStroke(1.dp, Color.White.copy(alpha = 0.26f)),
   ) {
     Box(contentAlignment = Alignment.Center) {
-      Icon(imageVector = Icons.Default.Close, contentDescription = "Close scanner", modifier = Modifier.size(20.dp))
+      Icon(imageVector = Icons.Default.Close, contentDescription = nativeString("Close scanner"), modifier = Modifier.size(20.dp))
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1543,20 +1544,20 @@ private fun SetupCodeEntryScreen(
   ClawScaffold(modifier = modifier, contentPadding = onboardingContentPadding()) {
     Column(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize().imePadding(), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.SpaceBetween) {
       Column(verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(18.dp)) {
-        OnboardingHeader(title = "Enter setup code", onBack = onBack)
-        LabeledField(label = "Setup code") {
+        OnboardingHeader(title = nativeString("Enter setup code"), onBack = onBack)
+        LabeledField(label = nativeString("Setup code")) {
           ClawTextField(
             value = setupCode,
             onValueChange = onSetupCodeChange,
-            placeholder = "Paste setup code",
+            placeholder = nativeString("Paste setup code"),
           )
         }
         error?.let { message ->
-          InlineError(title = "Setup code was not accepted", body = message)
+          InlineError(title = nativeString("Setup code was not accepted"), body = message)
         }
       }
       OnboardingActions {
-        ClawPrimaryButton(text = "Use setup code", icon = Icons.Default.QrCode2, onClick = onUseSetupCode, modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton())
+        ClawPrimaryButton(text = nativeString("Use setup code"), icon = Icons.Default.QrCode2, onClick = onUseSetupCode, modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton())
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1594,47 +1595,47 @@ private fun ManualGatewaySetupScreen(
         verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(16.dp),
       ) {
         item {
-          OnboardingHeader(title = "Manual setup", onBack = onBack)
+          OnboardingHeader(title = nativeString("Manual setup"), onBack = onBack)
         }
         item {
-          LabeledField(label = "Gateway URL") {
+          LabeledField(label = nativeString("Gateway URL")) {
             Row(horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(10.dp)) {
-              ClawTextField(value = manualHost, onValueChange = onManualHostChange, placeholder = "Host", modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
-              ClawTextField(value = manualPort, onValueChange = onManualPortChange, placeholder = "Port", modifier = Modifier.width(104.dp))
+              ClawTextField(value = manualHost, onValueChange = onManualHostChange, placeholder = nativeString("Host"), modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
+              ClawTextField(value = manualPort, onValueChange = onManualPortChange, placeholder = nativeString("Port"), modifier = Modifier.width(104.dp))
             }
             Text(
-              text = "Use the Gateway computer's LAN address or secure remote hostname.",
+              text = nativeString("Use the Gateway computer's LAN address or secure remote hostname."),
               style = ClawTheme.type.caption,
               color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
             )
           }
         }
         item {
-          LabeledField(label = "Token") {
-            ClawTextField(value = token, onValueChange = onTokenChange, placeholder = "Paste token")
+          LabeledField(label = nativeString("Token")) {
+            ClawTextField(value = token, onValueChange = onTokenChange, placeholder = nativeString("Paste token"))
             Text(
-              text = "Paste a shared Gateway token or operator-issued token.",
+              text = nativeString("Paste a shared Gateway token or operator-issued token."),
               style = ClawTheme.type.caption,
               color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
             )
           }
         }
         item {
-          LabeledField(label = "Password") {
-            ClawTextField(value = password, onValueChange = onPasswordChange, placeholder = "Password optional")
+          LabeledField(label = nativeString("Password")) {
+            ClawTextField(value = password, onValueChange = onPasswordChange, placeholder = nativeString("Password optional"))
           }
         }
         item {
-          LabeledField(label = "Connection security") {
+          LabeledField(label = nativeString("Connection security")) {
             Row(horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(9.dp)) {
               TogglePill(
-                text = "Unencrypted",
+                text = nativeString("Unencrypted"),
                 selected = !transport.effectiveTls,
                 enabled = !transport.requiresTls,
                 onClick = { onManualTlsChange(false) },
               )
               TogglePill(
-                text = "Secure (TLS)",
+                text = nativeString("Secure (TLS)"),
                 selected = transport.effectiveTls,
                 onClick = { onManualTlsChange(true) },
               )
@@ -1650,12 +1651,12 @@ private fun ManualGatewaySetupScreen(
         }
         error?.let { message ->
           item {
-            InlineError(title = "Could not test connection", body = message)
+            InlineError(title = nativeString("Could not test connection"), body = message)
           }
         }
       }
       OnboardingActions {
-        ClawPrimaryButton(text = "Test connection", icon = Icons.Default.Security, onClick = onPair, modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton())
+        ClawPrimaryButton(text = nativeString("Test connection"), icon = Icons.Default.Security, onClick = onPair, modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton())
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1740,18 +1741,21 @@ private fun GatewayRecoveryScreen(
   val protocolUpdateCommand = recoveryGatewayProtocolMismatchCommand(gatewayConnectionProblem)
   val recoveryTitle =
     when {
-      recoveryState == GatewayRecoveryUiState.Connected -> "Gateway paired"
-      gatewayConnectionProblem?.code == "AUTH_BOOTSTRAP_TOKEN_INVALID" -> "Setup code was not accepted"
-      else -> recoveryState.title
+      recoveryState == GatewayRecoveryUiState.Connected -> nativeString("Gateway paired")
+      gatewayConnectionProblem?.code == "AUTH_BOOTSTRAP_TOKEN_INVALID" ->
+        nativeString("Setup code was not accepted")
+      else -> nativeString(recoveryState.title)
     }
   val recoveryMessage =
     when {
       recoveryState == GatewayRecoveryUiState.Connected ->
-        "Your phone is paired with ${recoveryGatewayName(serverName = serverName, attemptedGatewayName = attemptedGatewayName)}. " +
-          "Continue to finish node access."
+        nativeString(
+          "Your phone is paired with \${recoveryGatewayName(serverName = serverName, attemptedGatewayName = attemptedGatewayName)}. Continue to finish node access.",
+          recoveryGatewayName(serverName = serverName, attemptedGatewayName = attemptedGatewayName),
+        )
       gatewayConnectionProblem != null && recoveryState == GatewayRecoveryUiState.Failed ->
         recoveryGatewayAuthDetail(gatewayConnectionProblem)
-      else -> recoveryState.message
+      else -> nativeString(recoveryState.message)
     }
   val recoveryProgressItems =
     gatewayRecoveryProgressItems(
@@ -1797,8 +1801,8 @@ private fun GatewayRecoveryScreen(
       OnboardingHeader(
         title =
           when (recoveryState) {
-            GatewayRecoveryUiState.Connected -> "Gateway paired"
-            else -> "Pair Gateway"
+            GatewayRecoveryUiState.Connected -> nativeString("Gateway paired")
+            else -> nativeString("Pair Gateway")
           },
         onBack = onBack,
       )
@@ -1830,7 +1834,7 @@ private fun GatewayRecoveryScreen(
         protocolUpdateCommand?.let { command ->
           Spacer(modifier = Modifier.height(18.dp))
           Text(
-            text = "On the Gateway computer, run:",
+            text = nativeString("On the Gateway computer, run:"),
             style = ClawTheme.type.caption,
             color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
           )
@@ -1844,7 +1848,7 @@ private fun GatewayRecoveryScreen(
         if (showDiagnosticAction) {
           Spacer(modifier = Modifier.height(14.dp))
           TextButton(onClick = { diagnosticDialogVisible = true }) {
-            Text("View details", style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.text)
+            Text(nativeString("View details"), style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.text)
           }
         }
       }
@@ -1852,7 +1856,7 @@ private fun GatewayRecoveryScreen(
       primaryAction?.let { action ->
         OnboardingActions {
           ClawPrimaryButton(
-            text = action.text,
+            text = nativeString(action.text),
             icon = action.icon,
             onClick =
               when (action) {
@@ -1877,7 +1881,7 @@ private fun GatewayRecoveryDiagnosticDialog(
   AlertDialog(
     onDismissRequest = onDismiss,
     containerColor = ClawTheme.colors.surfaceRaised,
-    title = { Text("Connection details", style = ClawTheme.type.section, color = ClawTheme.colors.text) },
+    title = { Text(nativeString("Connection details"), style = ClawTheme.type.section, color = ClawTheme.colors.text) },
     text = {
       SelectionContainer {
         Text(
@@ -1889,12 +1893,12 @@ private fun GatewayRecoveryDiagnosticDialog(
     },
     confirmButton = {
       TextButton(onClick = onCopy) {
-        Text("Copy")
+        Text(nativeString("Copy"))
       }
     },
     dismissButton = {
       TextButton(onClick = onDismiss) {
-        Text("Close")
+        Text(nativeString("Close"))
       }
     },
   )
@@ -1906,7 +1910,7 @@ private fun copyGatewayDiagnostic(
 ) {
   val clipboard = context.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE) as ClipboardManager
   clipboard.setPrimaryClip(ClipData.newPlainText("OpenClaw gateway diagnostic", diagnosticText))
-  Toast.makeText(context, "Details copied", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+  Toast.makeText(context, nativeString("Details copied"), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
 }
 
 @Composable
@@ -1976,7 +1980,7 @@ private fun NodeApprovalScreen(
 
   ClawScaffold(modifier = modifier, contentPadding = onboardingContentPadding()) {
     Column(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize()) {
-      OnboardingHeader(title = "Approve node access", onBack = onBack)
+      OnboardingHeader(title = nativeString("Approve node access"), onBack = onBack)
 
       Column(
         modifier =
@@ -1991,14 +1995,14 @@ private fun NodeApprovalScreen(
         GatewayRecoveryIcon(state = GatewayRecoveryUiState.NodeCapabilityApprovalPending)
         Spacer(modifier = Modifier.height(13.dp))
         Text(
-          text = "Approve node access",
+          text = nativeString("Approve node access"),
           style = ClawTheme.type.display,
           color = ClawTheme.colors.text,
           textAlign = TextAlign.Center,
         )
         Spacer(modifier = Modifier.height(8.dp))
         Text(
-          text = "Gateway pairing is complete. Approve this phone as a node so OpenClaw can use the device capabilities you enable.",
+          text = nativeString("Gateway pairing is complete. Approve this phone as a node so OpenClaw can use the device capabilities you enable."),
           style = ClawTheme.type.body,
           color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
           textAlign = TextAlign.Center,
@@ -2006,7 +2010,7 @@ private fun NodeApprovalScreen(
         Spacer(modifier = Modifier.height(18.dp))
         Column(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(8.dp)) {
           Text(
-            text = "On the Gateway computer, run:",
+            text = nativeString("On the Gateway computer, run:"),
             style = ClawTheme.type.caption,
             color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
             textAlign = TextAlign.Center,
@@ -2015,7 +2019,7 @@ private fun NodeApprovalScreen(
           ApprovalCommandBlock(command = "openclaw nodes pending", onCopy = { onCopyCommand("openclaw nodes pending") })
           ApprovalCommandBlock(command = approveCommand, onCopy = { onCopyCommand(approveCommand) })
           Text(
-            text = "Use the requestId from the pending command in the approve command.",
+            text = nativeString("Use the requestId from the pending command in the approve command."),
             style = ClawTheme.type.caption,
             color = ClawTheme.colors.textSubtle,
             textAlign = TextAlign.Center,
@@ -2039,17 +2043,17 @@ private fun NodeApprovalScreen(
   if (showWaitingDialog) {
     AlertDialog(
       onDismissRequest = { waitingDialogDismissed = true },
-      title = { Text(text = "Still waiting for approval") },
+      title = { Text(text = nativeString("Still waiting for approval")) },
       text = {
         Text(
-          text = "Run the approve command on the Gateway computer, then check again.",
+          text = nativeString("Run the approve command on the Gateway computer, then check again."),
           style = ClawTheme.type.body,
           color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
         )
       },
       confirmButton = {
         TextButton(onClick = { waitingDialogDismissed = true }) {
-          Text(text = "OK")
+          Text(text = nativeString("OK"))
         }
       },
     )
@@ -2088,7 +2092,7 @@ private fun OnboardingLoadingPrimaryButton(
       )
       Spacer(modifier = Modifier.width(8.dp))
     }
-    Text(text = if (loading) loadingText else text, style = ClawTheme.type.label)
+    Text(text = nativeString(if (loading) loadingText else text), style = ClawTheme.type.label)
   }
 }
 
@@ -2199,7 +2203,7 @@ private fun ApprovalCommandBlock(
         border = BorderStroke(1.dp, ClawTheme.colors.border),
       ) {
         Box(contentAlignment = Alignment.Center) {
-          Icon(imageVector = Icons.Default.ContentCopy, contentDescription = "Copy approval command", modifier = Modifier.size(18.dp))
+          Icon(imageVector = Icons.Default.ContentCopy, contentDescription = nativeString("Copy approval command"), modifier = Modifier.size(18.dp))
         }
       }
     }
@@ -2225,7 +2229,7 @@ private fun PermissionSetupScreen(
         }
         item {
           Text(
-            text = "Only enable access you are comfortable letting OpenClaw use while this phone is connected. You can change these later in Android Settings.",
+            text = nativeString("Only enable access you are comfortable letting OpenClaw use while this phone is connected. You can change these later in Android Settings."),
             style = ClawTheme.type.body,
             color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
             textAlign = TextAlign.Center,
@@ -2237,7 +2241,7 @@ private fun PermissionSetupScreen(
         }
       }
       OnboardingActions {
-        ClawPrimaryButton(text = "Continue", onClick = onContinue, modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton())
+        ClawPrimaryButton(text = nativeString("Continue"), onClick = onContinue, modifier = Modifier.onboardingActionButton())
       }
     }
   }
@@ -2264,7 +2268,7 @@ private fun OnboardingHeader(
           contentColor = ClawTheme.colors.text,
         ) {
           Box(contentAlignment = Alignment.CenterStart) {
-            Icon(imageVector = Icons.AutoMirrored.Filled.ArrowBack, contentDescription = "Back", modifier = Modifier.size(23.dp))
+            Icon(imageVector = Icons.AutoMirrored.Filled.ArrowBack, contentDescription = nativeString("Back"), modifier = Modifier.size(23.dp))
           }
         }
       }
@@ -2274,10 +2278,10 @@ private fun OnboardingHeader(
         verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(4.dp),
       ) {
         if (title.isNotBlank()) {
-          Text(text = title, style = ClawTheme.type.title, color = ClawTheme.colors.text, textAlign = TextAlign.Center)
+          Text(text = nativeString(title), style = ClawTheme.type.title, color = ClawTheme.colors.text, textAlign = TextAlign.Center)
         }
         subtitle?.let {
-          Text(text = it, style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted, textAlign = TextAlign.Center)
+          Text(text = nativeString(it), style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted, textAlign = TextAlign.Center)
         }
       }
       action?.let {
@@ -2313,7 +2317,7 @@ private fun TogglePill(
 
 @Composable
 private fun PermissionTopBar(onBack: () -> Unit) {
-  OnboardingHeader(title = "Permissions", onBack = onBack)
+  OnboardingHeader(title = nativeString("Permissions"), onBack = onBack)
 }
 
 @Composable
@@ -2343,19 +2347,19 @@ private fun PermissionRow(row: PermissionRowModel) {
       }
       Column(modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(2.dp)) {
         Text(
-          text = row.title,
+          text = nativeString(row.title),
           style = ClawTheme.type.title.copy(fontSize = 18.sp, lineHeight = 23.sp),
           color = ClawTheme.colors.text,
         )
         Text(
-          text = row.subtitle,
+          text = nativeString(row.subtitle),
           style = ClawTheme.type.body,
           color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
         )
       }
       Icon(
         imageVector = if (row.granted) Icons.Default.CheckCircle else Icons.Default.Close,
-        contentDescription = row.statusText,
+        contentDescription = nativeString(row.statusText),
         modifier = Modifier.size(20.dp),
         tint = if (row.granted) ClawTheme.colors.success else ClawTheme.colors.danger,
       )
@@ -2526,7 +2530,7 @@ private fun finishingGatewayProgressItems(
   val nodeAccessCurrent = gatewayAccessComplete
   return listOf(
     GatewayRecoveryProgressItem(
-      label = "Opening Gateway connection",
+      label = nativeString("Opening Gateway connection"),
       status =
         if (gatewayAccessComplete) {
           GatewayRecoveryProgressStatus.Complete
@@ -2535,7 +2539,7 @@ private fun finishingGatewayProgressItems(
         },
     ),
     GatewayRecoveryProgressItem(
-      label = "Checking pairing access",
+      label = nativeString("Checking pairing access"),
       status =
         when {
           gatewayAccessComplete -> GatewayRecoveryProgressStatus.Complete
@@ -2543,7 +2547,7 @@ private fun finishingGatewayProgressItems(
         },
     ),
     GatewayRecoveryProgressItem(
-      label = "Checking node access",
+      label = nativeString("Checking node access"),
       status =
         when {
           nodeAccessCurrent -> GatewayRecoveryProgressStatus.Current
@@ -2636,21 +2640,21 @@ internal fun recoveryGatewayDetail(
 internal fun recoveryGatewayAuthDetail(gatewayConnectionProblem: GatewayConnectionProblem): String =
   when (gatewayConnectionProblem.code) {
     "PROTOCOL_MISMATCH" -> recoveryGatewayProtocolMismatchDetail(gatewayConnectionProblem)
-    "AUTH_BOOTSTRAP_TOKEN_INVALID" -> "The code may have expired or been generated for another Gateway."
+    "AUTH_BOOTSTRAP_TOKEN_INVALID" -> nativeString("The code may have expired or been generated for another Gateway.")
     "AUTH_DEVICE_TOKEN_MISMATCH",
     "AUTH_TOKEN_MISMATCH",
-    -> "Saved authentication is invalid. Re-authenticate or reset this gateway connection."
-    "AUTH_PASSWORD_MISSING" -> "Gateway password is required. Enter it again or edit this connection."
-    "AUTH_PASSWORD_MISMATCH" -> "Gateway password is invalid. Re-enter it or reset this gateway connection."
-    "AUTH_TOKEN_MISSING" -> "Gateway token is required. Enter it again or edit this connection."
+    -> nativeString("Saved authentication is invalid. Re-authenticate or reset this gateway connection.")
+    "AUTH_PASSWORD_MISSING" -> nativeString("Gateway password is required. Enter it again or edit this connection.")
+    "AUTH_PASSWORD_MISMATCH" -> nativeString("Gateway password is invalid. Re-enter it or reset this gateway connection.")
+    "AUTH_TOKEN_MISSING" -> nativeString("Gateway token is required. Enter it again or edit this connection.")
     "CONTROL_UI_DEVICE_IDENTITY_REQUIRED",
     "DEVICE_IDENTITY_REQUIRED",
-    -> "Gateway requires this device identity. Re-authenticate or reset this gateway connection."
+    -> nativeString("Gateway requires this device identity. Re-authenticate or reset this gateway connection.")
     else ->
       when (gatewayConnectionProblem.recommendedNextStep) {
-        "update_auth_credentials" -> "Saved authentication is invalid. Re-authenticate or reset this gateway connection."
-        "update_auth_configuration" -> "Gateway authentication is not configured. Edit this connection and try again."
-        "review_auth_configuration" -> "Gateway authentication needs review. Check gateway settings, then retry."
+        "update_auth_credentials" -> nativeString("Saved authentication is invalid. Re-authenticate or reset this gateway connection.")
+        "update_auth_configuration" -> nativeString("Gateway authentication is not configured. Edit this connection and try again.")
+        "review_auth_configuration" -> nativeString("Gateway authentication needs review. Check gateway settings, then retry.")
         else -> gatewayConnectionProblem.message.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: "Gateway authentication needs attention."
       }
   }
@@ -2798,7 +2802,7 @@ private fun copyApprovalCommand(
 ) {
   val clipboard = context.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE) as ClipboardManager
   clipboard.setPrimaryClip(ClipData.newPlainText("OpenClaw pairing approval command", command))
-  Toast.makeText(context, "Approval command copied", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+  Toast.makeText(context, nativeString("Approval command copied"), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
 }
 
 private fun copyGatewayCommand(
@@ -2807,7 +2811,7 @@ private fun copyGatewayCommand(
 ) {
   val clipboard = context.getSystemService(Context.CLIPBOARD_SERVICE) as ClipboardManager
   clipboard.setPrimaryClip(ClipData.newPlainText("OpenClaw gateway command", command))
-  Toast.makeText(context, "Command copied", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+  Toast.makeText(context, nativeString("Command copied"), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
 }
 
 /** One permission row plus launcher callback for onboarding's final setup step. */
@@ -2869,7 +2873,7 @@ internal fun cameraCapabilityAfterRowTap(
   androidCameraPermissionGranted: Boolean,
 ): Boolean? = if (androidCameraPermissionGranted) !currentCapabilityEnabled else null
 
-private fun permissionRowStatusText(granted: Boolean): String = if (granted) "Granted" else "Not granted"
+private fun permissionRowStatusText(granted: Boolean): String = if (granted) nativeString("Granted") else nativeString("Not granted")
 
 internal fun permissionChangesRequireNodeApproval(
   currentCameraEnabled: Boolean,

apps/android/app/src/main/java/ai/openclaw/app/ui/ShellScreen.kt

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import ai.openclaw.app.NodeRuntime
 import ai.openclaw.app.R
 import ai.openclaw.app.chat.ChatSessionEntry
 import ai.openclaw.app.currentAppLanguage
+import ai.openclaw.app.i18n.nativeString
 import ai.openclaw.app.node.CanvasController
 import ai.openclaw.app.ui.chat.ChatScreen
 import ai.openclaw.app.ui.design.AgentAvatarSource
@@ -215,7 +216,10 @@ fun ShellScreen(
       bottomBar = {
         if (showBottomNav) {
           ClawBottomNav(
-            items = shellNavTabs.map { ClawNavItem(key = it.key, label = it.label, icon = it.icon) },
+            items =
+              shellNavTabs.map {
+                ClawNavItem(key = it.key, label = nativeString(it.label), icon = it.icon)
+              },
             selectedKey = if (nav.activeTab in shellNavTabs) nav.activeTab.key else Tab.Overview.key,
             onSelect = { key ->
               nav.selectTab(shellNavTabs.firstOrNull { it.key == key } ?: Tab.Overview)
@@ -344,7 +348,7 @@ private fun CanvasOverlay(
     if (visible) {
       ClawIconButton(
         icon = Icons.Default.Close,
-        contentDescription = "Close Canvas",
+        contentDescription = nativeString("Close Canvas"),
         onClick = onClose,
         modifier =
           Modifier
@@ -492,7 +496,7 @@ private fun OverviewScreen(
 
         item {
           Text(
-            text = "Overview",
+            text = nativeString("Overview"),
             style = ClawTheme.type.display.copy(fontSize = 24.sp, lineHeight = 28.sp),
             color = ClawTheme.colors.text,
           )
@@ -538,9 +542,9 @@ private fun OverviewScreen(
         if (visibleRecentRows.isEmpty()) {
           item {
             ClawEmptyState(
-              title = "No recent sessions",
-              body = "Start a chat and your active OpenClaw conversations will appear here.",
-              action = { ClawPrimaryButton(text = "Start Chat", onClick = { onSelectTab(Tab.Chat) }) },
+              title = nativeString("No recent sessions"),
+              body = nativeString("Start a chat and your active OpenClaw conversations will appear here."),
+              action = { ClawPrimaryButton(text = nativeString("Start Chat"), onClick = { onSelectTab(Tab.Chat) }) },
             )
           }
         } else {
@@ -586,7 +590,7 @@ private fun OverviewHeader(
   ) {
     OpenClawMascot(modifier = Modifier.size(25.dp), tint = ClawTheme.colors.text)
     Text(
-      text = "OpenClaw",
+      text = nativeString("OpenClaw"),
       style = ClawTheme.type.title.copy(fontSize = 17.sp, lineHeight = 21.sp),
       color = ClawTheme.colors.text,
       modifier = Modifier.weight(1f),
@@ -594,7 +598,7 @@ private fun OverviewHeader(
       overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis,
     )
     OverviewStatusPill(status = status, onClick = onOpenStatus)
-    ClawPlainIconButton(icon = Icons.Default.Search, contentDescription = "Search", onClick = onOpenCommand)
+    ClawPlainIconButton(icon = Icons.Default.Search, contentDescription = nativeString("Search"), onClick = onOpenCommand)
   }
 }
 
@@ -624,7 +628,7 @@ private fun OverviewStatusPill(
       horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(6.dp),
     ) {
       Box(modifier = Modifier.size(6.dp).clip(CircleShape).background(dotColor))
-      Text(text = status.label, style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 13.sp, lineHeight = 17.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.text, maxLines = 1)
+      Text(text = nativeString(status.label), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 13.sp, lineHeight = 17.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.text, maxLines = 1)
       Icon(imageVector = Icons.Default.ArrowDropDown, contentDescription = null, modifier = Modifier.size(15.dp), tint = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
     }
   }
@@ -647,7 +651,7 @@ private fun OverviewPrimaryPanel(
 ) {
   OverviewLayeredPanel(contentPadding = PaddingValues(ClawTheme.spacing.sm), elevated = true) {
     Column(verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(ClawTheme.spacing.xs)) {
-      Text(text = "ACTIVE AGENT", style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.sp, lineHeight = 15.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
+      Text(text = nativeString("ACTIVE AGENT"), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.sp, lineHeight = 15.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
       Row(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(), verticalAlignment = Alignment.CenterVertically, horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(9.dp)) {
         OverviewAgentBadge(text = agentBadge, active = isConnected, avatarSource = agentAvatarSource)
         Column(modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(3.dp)) {
@@ -656,19 +660,19 @@ private fun OverviewPrimaryPanel(
           }
           Text(text = overviewAgentActivityText(isConnected = isConnected, pendingRunCount = pendingRunCount, sessionCount = sessionCount, cronJobCount = cronJobCount, statusText = statusText), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 13.5.sp, lineHeight = 17.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
         }
-        ClawSecondaryButton(text = "View", onClick = onOpenAgent)
+        ClawSecondaryButton(text = nativeString("View"), onClick = onOpenAgent)
       }
       Row(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(), horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(10.dp)) {
-        OverviewStateChip(label = "Runs", value = if (pendingRunCount > 0) "$pendingRunCount active" else "Idle", modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
-        OverviewStateChip(label = "Sessions", value = if (sessionCount == 0) "None" else "$sessionCount recent", modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
-        OverviewStateChip(label = "Cron", value = cronJobsSummary(cronJobCount), modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
+        OverviewStateChip(label = nativeString("Runs"), value = if (pendingRunCount > 0) nativeString("\$pendingRunCount active", pendingRunCount) else nativeString("Idle"), modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
+        OverviewStateChip(label = nativeString("Sessions"), value = if (sessionCount == 0) nativeString("None") else nativeString("\$sessionCount recent", sessionCount), modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
+        OverviewStateChip(label = nativeString("Cron"), value = cronJobsSummary(cronJobCount), modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
       }
       Row(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(), horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(10.dp)) {
-        OverviewActionPill(text = "Chat", icon = Icons.Outlined.ChatBubbleOutline, emphasized = true, onClick = onOpenChat, modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
-        OverviewActionPill(text = "Talk", icon = Icons.Outlined.MicNone, emphasized = false, onClick = onOpenVoice, modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
+        OverviewActionPill(text = nativeString("Chat"), icon = Icons.Outlined.ChatBubbleOutline, emphasized = true, onClick = onOpenChat, modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
+        OverviewActionPill(text = nativeString("Talk"), icon = Icons.Outlined.MicNone, emphasized = false, onClick = onOpenVoice, modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
       }
       if (!isConnected) {
-        ClawSecondaryButton(text = "Reconnect gateway", icon = Icons.Default.Cloud, onClick = onOpenGateway, modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth())
+        ClawSecondaryButton(text = nativeString("Reconnect gateway"), icon = Icons.Default.Cloud, onClick = onOpenGateway, modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth())
       }
     }
   }
@@ -818,11 +822,11 @@ private fun OverviewMetricTile(
     Column(modifier = Modifier.padding(ClawTheme.spacing.xs), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(6.dp)) {
       Row(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(), verticalAlignment = Alignment.CenterVertically, horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(8.dp)) {
         Icon(imageVector = card.icon, contentDescription = null, modifier = Modifier.size(17.dp), tint = card.tint)
-        Text(text = card.title.uppercase(), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 10.5.sp, lineHeight = 13.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis, modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
-        Icon(imageVector = Icons.AutoMirrored.Filled.KeyboardArrowRight, contentDescription = "Open ${card.title}", modifier = Modifier.size(15.dp), tint = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
+        Text(text = nativeString(card.title).uppercase(), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 10.5.sp, lineHeight = 13.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis, modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
+        Icon(imageVector = Icons.AutoMirrored.Filled.KeyboardArrowRight, contentDescription = nativeString("Open \${card.title}", card.title), modifier = Modifier.size(15.dp), tint = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
       }
-      Text(text = card.value, style = ClawTheme.type.title.copy(fontSize = 22.sp, lineHeight = 25.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.text, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
-      Text(text = card.subtitle, style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textSubtle, maxLines = 2, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
+      Text(text = nativeString(card.value), style = ClawTheme.type.title.copy(fontSize = 22.sp, lineHeight = 25.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.text, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
+      Text(text = nativeString(card.subtitle), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textSubtle, maxLines = 2, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
       card.progressFraction?.let { progress ->
         OverviewProgressBar(progress = progress, tint = card.tint)
       }
@@ -887,10 +891,10 @@ private fun TalkEntryPanel(
         }
       }
       Column(modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(2.dp)) {
-        Text(text = "Talk", style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.sp, lineHeight = 15.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
-        Text(text = "Open Talk", style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.text, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
+        Text(text = nativeString("Talk"), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.sp, lineHeight = 15.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
+        Text(text = nativeString("Open Talk"), style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.text, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
       }
-      ClawPlainIconButton(icon = Icons.Default.Tune, contentDescription = "Talk settings", onClick = onOpenVoiceSettings)
+      ClawPlainIconButton(icon = Icons.Default.Tune, contentDescription = nativeString("Talk settings"), onClick = onOpenVoiceSettings)
     }
   }
 }
@@ -898,7 +902,7 @@ private fun TalkEntryPanel(
 @Composable
 private fun RecentSessionsHeader(onOpenSessions: () -> Unit) {
   SectionLabel(
-    title = "Recent Sessions",
+    title = nativeString("Recent Sessions"),
     action = {
       Surface(
         onClick = onOpenSessions,
@@ -908,7 +912,7 @@ private fun RecentSessionsHeader(onOpenSessions: () -> Unit) {
       ) {
         Box(contentAlignment = Alignment.Center) {
           Text(
-            text = "View all",
+            text = nativeString("View all"),
             style = ClawTheme.type.caption,
             color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
           )
@@ -1022,10 +1026,10 @@ internal fun overviewMetricCardSpecs(
   val nodeCount = nodesDevicesSummary.nodes.size
   return listOf(
     OverviewMetricCardSpec(
-      title = "Gateway",
+      title = nativeString("Gateway"),
       value =
         when {
-          !isConnected -> "Offline"
+          !isConnected -> nativeString("Offline")
           hasAttention -> "Online"
           else -> "Healthy"
         },
@@ -1046,8 +1050,8 @@ internal fun overviewMetricCardSpecs(
       settingsRoute = SettingsRoute.Gateway,
     ),
     OverviewMetricCardSpec(
-      title = "Nodes",
-      value = if (nodeCount == 0) "None" else "$onlineNodes/$nodeCount",
+      title = nativeString("Nodes"),
+      value = if (nodeCount == 0) nativeString("None") else nativeString("\$onlineNodes/\$nodeCount", onlineNodes, nodeCount),
       subtitle =
         if (nodesDevicesSummary.hasNodeCapabilityApprovalPending()) {
           "Review node access"
@@ -1068,7 +1072,7 @@ internal fun overviewMetricCardSpecs(
       progressFraction = if (nodeCount > 0) onlineNodes.toFloat() / nodeCount.toFloat() else null,
     ),
     OverviewMetricCardSpec(
-      title = "Approvals",
+      title = nativeString("Approvals"),
       value = pendingApprovals.toString(),
       subtitle = approvalsSummary(pendingApprovals),
       icon = Icons.Default.Security,
@@ -1077,17 +1081,17 @@ internal fun overviewMetricCardSpecs(
       settingsRoute = SettingsRoute.Approvals,
     ),
     OverviewMetricCardSpec(
-      title = "Sessions",
+      title = nativeString("Sessions"),
       value = sessionCount.toString(),
-      subtitle = if (sessionCount == 0) "No recent sessions" else "Recent conversations",
+      subtitle = if (sessionCount == 0) nativeString("No recent sessions") else nativeString("Recent conversations"),
       icon = Icons.Default.Groups,
       status = if (sessionCount > 0) ClawStatus.Success else ClawStatus.Neutral,
       tab = Tab.Sessions,
     ),
     OverviewMetricCardSpec(
-      title = "Files",
-      value = if (isConnected) "Browse" else "Offline",
-      subtitle = "Agent workspace files",
+      title = nativeString("Files"),
+      value = if (isConnected) nativeString("Browse") else nativeString("Offline"),
+      subtitle = nativeString("Agent workspace files"),
       icon = Icons.Outlined.Folder,
       status = if (isConnected) ClawStatus.Success else ClawStatus.Neutral,
       tab = Tab.Files,
@@ -1100,7 +1104,7 @@ internal fun overviewAgentName(
   defaultAgentId: String?,
 ): String {
   val agent = overviewAgent(agents = agents, defaultAgentId = defaultAgentId)
-  return agent?.name?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: agent?.id?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: "OpenClaw"
+  return agent?.name?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: agent?.id?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: nativeString("OpenClaw")
 }
 
 internal fun overviewAgentBadgeText(
@@ -1114,7 +1118,7 @@ internal fun overviewAgentBadgeText(
     ?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
     ?.let { return it }
   if (agent == null) return "OC"
-  val source = agent.name?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: agent.id.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: "OpenClaw"
+  val source = agent.name?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: agent.id.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: nativeString("OpenClaw")
   return agentInitials(source)
 }
 
@@ -1201,7 +1205,7 @@ internal fun sessionSourceLabel(
     } else {
       normalized
     }
-  if (!scopedKey.contains(':') && !scopedKey.contains('#')) return "OpenClaw"
+  if (!scopedKey.contains(':') && !scopedKey.contains('#')) return nativeString("OpenClaw")
   val source = scopedKey.substringBefore(':').substringBefore('#').lowercase()
   val channelLabel =
     channelsSummary.channels
@@ -1210,7 +1214,7 @@ internal fun sessionSourceLabel(
       }?.label
       ?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
   if (channelLabel != null) return channelLabel
-  return sessionSourceLabels[source] ?: "OpenClaw"
+  return nativeString(sessionSourceLabels[source] ?: "OpenClaw")
 }
 
 internal data class HomeAttentionRow(
@@ -1265,7 +1269,7 @@ private fun HomeAttentionPanel(
 ) {
   OverviewLayeredPanel(contentPadding = PaddingValues(horizontal = 14.dp, vertical = 8.dp)) {
     Column(verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(4.dp)) {
-      Text(text = "Needs attention", style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.warning)
+      Text(text = nativeString("Needs attention"), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.warning)
       rows.forEach { row ->
         ModuleListRow(
           row = ModuleRow(row.title, row.subtitle, row.icon, row.tab, row.settingsRoute),
@@ -1293,7 +1297,7 @@ private fun SectionLabel(
     verticalAlignment = Alignment.CenterVertically,
     horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.SpaceBetween,
   ) {
-    Text(text = title.uppercase(), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
+    Text(text = nativeString(title).uppercase(), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
     action?.invoke()
   }
 }
@@ -1318,19 +1322,19 @@ private fun ModuleListRow(
       Icon(imageVector = row.icon, contentDescription = null, modifier = Modifier.size(20.dp), tint = ClawTheme.colors.text)
       Column(modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(1.dp)) {
         Text(
-          text = row.title,
+          text = nativeString(row.title),
           style = ClawTheme.type.body,
           color = ClawTheme.colors.text,
           maxLines = 1,
           overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis,
         )
         row.subtitle?.let {
-          Text(text = it, style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textSubtle, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
+          Text(text = nativeString(it), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textSubtle, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
         }
       }
       Icon(
         imageVector = Icons.AutoMirrored.Filled.KeyboardArrowRight,
-        contentDescription = "Open ${row.title}",
+        contentDescription = nativeString("Open \${row.title}", row.title),
         modifier = Modifier.size(17.dp),
         tint = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
       )
@@ -1433,12 +1437,12 @@ private fun RecentSessionRowContent(
       }
       Column(modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(1.dp)) {
         Text(text = title, style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.text, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
-        Text(text = source, style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textSubtle, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
+        Text(text = nativeString(source), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textSubtle, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
       }
       Text(text = metadata, style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
       Icon(
         imageVector = Icons.AutoMirrored.Filled.KeyboardArrowRight,
-        contentDescription = "Open session",
+        contentDescription = nativeString("Open session"),
         modifier = Modifier.size(14.dp),
         tint = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
       )
@@ -1556,13 +1560,13 @@ private fun SettingsShellScreen(
         ) {
           ClawPlainIconButton(
             icon = Icons.AutoMirrored.Filled.ArrowBack,
-            contentDescription = "Back",
+            contentDescription = nativeString("Back"),
             onClick = onBack,
           )
-          Text(text = "Settings", style = ClawTheme.type.display.copy(fontSize = 24.sp, lineHeight = 28.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.text, modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
+          Text(text = nativeString("Settings"), style = ClawTheme.type.display.copy(fontSize = 24.sp, lineHeight = 28.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.text, modifier = Modifier.weight(1f))
           ClawPlainIconButton(
             icon = Icons.Default.Search,
-            contentDescription = "Search settings",
+            contentDescription = nativeString("Search settings"),
             onClick = onOpenCommand,
           )
         }
@@ -1614,10 +1618,10 @@ private fun SettingsShellScreen(
           ),
           SettingsRow("Dreaming", dreamingSummaryText(dreamingSummary), Icons.Default.Storage, status = dreamingStatus(dreamingSummary), route = SettingsRoute.Dreaming),
           SettingsRow("Terminal", "Shell in the agent workspace", Icons.Outlined.Terminal, status = isConnected, route = SettingsRoute.Terminal),
-          SettingsRow("Voice", if (speakerEnabled) "Speaker on" else "Speaker muted", Icons.Default.Mic, route = SettingsRoute.Voice),
+          SettingsRow("Voice", if (speakerEnabled) nativeString("Speaker on") else nativeString("Speaker muted"), Icons.Default.Mic, route = SettingsRoute.Voice),
           SettingsRow("Canvas", "Screen surface", Icons.AutoMirrored.Filled.ScreenShare, status = isConnected, route = SettingsRoute.Canvas),
-          SettingsRow("Notifications", if (notificationForwardingEnabled) "Smart delivery" else "Off", Icons.Default.Notifications, route = SettingsRoute.Notifications),
-          SettingsRow("Phone Capabilities", if (cameraEnabled) "Camera enabled" else "Locked", Icons.Default.Lock, status = !cameraEnabled, route = SettingsRoute.PhoneCapabilities),
+          SettingsRow("Notifications", if (notificationForwardingEnabled) nativeString("Smart delivery") else nativeString("Off"), Icons.Default.Notifications, route = SettingsRoute.Notifications),
+          SettingsRow("Phone Capabilities", if (cameraEnabled) nativeString("Camera enabled") else nativeString("Locked"), Icons.Default.Lock, status = !cameraEnabled, route = SettingsRoute.PhoneCapabilities),
           SettingsRow(
             "Appearance",
             "${appearanceThemeSummary(appearanceThemeMode)} · ${appLanguage.displayName}",
@@ -1664,10 +1668,10 @@ private fun SettingsShellScreen(
           horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally,
           verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(3.dp),
         ) {
-          Text(text = "OpenClaw ${BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME} (${BuildConfig.VERSION_CODE})", style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
+          Text(text = nativeString("OpenClaw \${BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME} (\${BuildConfig.VERSION_CODE})", BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME, BuildConfig.VERSION_CODE), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted)
           Row(horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(5.dp), verticalAlignment = Alignment.CenterVertically) {
             Text(
-              text = if (isConnected) "All systems operational" else "Gateway not connected",
+              text = if (isConnected) nativeString("All systems operational") else nativeString("Gateway not connected"),
               style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp),
               color = ClawTheme.colors.textSubtle,
             )
@@ -1682,7 +1686,7 @@ private fun SettingsShellScreen(
 private fun approvalsSummary(count: Int): String =
   when (count) {
     0 -> "No pending approvals"
-    1 -> "1 pending"
+    1 -> nativeString("1 pending")
     else -> "$count pending"
   }
 
@@ -1699,15 +1703,19 @@ private fun cronJobsSummary(count: Int): String =
 /** Summarizes provider usage buckets without exposing detailed billing data. */
 private fun usageSummaryText(count: Int): String =
   when (count) {
-    0 -> "No provider usage"
-    1 -> "1 provider"
-    else -> "$count providers"
+    0 -> nativeString("No provider usage")
+    1 -> nativeString("1 provider")
+    else -> nativeString("\$count providers", count)
   }
 
 /** Reports how many gateway skills are enabled, eligible, and dependency-complete. */
 private fun skillsSummaryText(skills: List<GatewaySkillSummary>): String {
   val ready = skills.count { !it.disabled && it.eligible && it.missingCount == 0 }
-  return if (skills.isEmpty()) "No skills" else "$ready/${skills.size} ready"
+  return if (skills.isEmpty()) {
+    nativeString("No skills")
+  } else {
+    nativeString("\$ready/\${skills.size} ready", ready, skills.size)
+  }
 }
 
 /** Converts gateway skill health into a tri-state settings status dot. */
@@ -1721,13 +1729,13 @@ private fun skillsStatus(skills: List<GatewaySkillSummary>): Boolean? =
 /** Mirrors the Skill Workshop review queue in one compact Settings row. */
 internal fun skillWorkshopSummaryText(summary: GatewaySkillWorkshopSummary): String {
   val pending = summary.proposals.count { it.status == "pending" }
-  if (pending > 0) return if (pending == 1) "1 pending" else "$pending pending"
+  if (pending > 0) return if (pending == 1) nativeString("1 pending") else nativeString("\$pending pending", pending)
   val held = summary.proposals.count { it.status == "quarantined" || it.status == "stale" }
   val applied = summary.proposals.count { it.status == "applied" }
   return when {
     summary.proposals.isEmpty() -> "No proposals"
-    held > 0 -> if (held == 1) "1 held" else "$held held"
-    applied > 0 -> if (applied == 1) "1 applied" else "$applied applied"
+    held > 0 -> if (held == 1) nativeString("1 held") else nativeString("\$held held", held)
+    applied > 0 -> if (applied == 1) nativeString("1 applied") else nativeString("\$applied applied", applied)
     else -> "${summary.proposals.size} proposals"
   }
 }
@@ -1792,9 +1800,9 @@ private fun channelsStatus(summary: GatewayChannelsSummary): Boolean? =
 /** Summarizes dreaming memory health before enabled/off state. */
 private fun dreamingSummaryText(summary: GatewayDreamingSummary): String =
   when {
-    !summary.storeHealthy || !summary.phaseSignalHealthy -> "Needs attention"
+    !summary.storeHealthy || !summary.phaseSignalHealthy -> nativeString("Needs attention")
     summary.enabled -> "${summary.shortTermCount} waiting"
-    else -> "Off"
+    else -> nativeString("Off")
   }
 
 /** Maps dreaming store/phase health and enabled state to a settings status dot. */
@@ -1870,7 +1878,7 @@ internal fun settingsSectionTitleForRoute(route: SettingsRoute): String =
 @Composable
 private fun SettingsSectionTitle(title: String) {
   Text(
-    text = title.uppercase(),
+    text = nativeString(title).uppercase(),
     style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp),
     color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted,
   )
@@ -1908,11 +1916,11 @@ private fun ProfilePanel(
       }
       Column(modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(2.dp)) {
         Text(text = displayName, style = ClawTheme.type.section, color = ClawTheme.colors.text, maxLines = 1)
-        Text(text = "OpenClaw mobile", style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted, maxLines = 1)
+        Text(text = nativeString("OpenClaw mobile"), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 12.5.sp, lineHeight = 16.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted, maxLines = 1)
       }
       Icon(
         imageVector = Icons.AutoMirrored.Filled.KeyboardArrowRight,
-        contentDescription = "Open profile",
+        contentDescription = nativeString("Open profile"),
         modifier = Modifier.size(15.dp),
         tint = ClawTheme.colors.text,
       )
@@ -1967,10 +1975,10 @@ private fun SettingsListRow(
     horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(10.dp),
   ) {
     Icon(imageVector = row.icon, contentDescription = null, modifier = Modifier.size(20.dp), tint = ClawTheme.colors.text)
-    Text(text = row.title, style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.text, modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), maxLines = 1)
+    Text(text = nativeString(row.title), style = ClawTheme.type.body, color = ClawTheme.colors.text, modifier = Modifier.weight(1f), maxLines = 1)
     Row(verticalAlignment = Alignment.CenterVertically, horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(5.dp)) {
       if (row.value.isNotBlank()) {
-        Text(text = row.value, style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 13.sp, lineHeight = 17.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
+        Text(text = nativeString(row.value), style = ClawTheme.type.caption.copy(fontSize = 13.sp, lineHeight = 17.sp), color = ClawTheme.colors.textMuted, maxLines = 1, overflow = TextOverflow.Ellipsis)
       }
       row.status?.let { active ->
         Box(modifier = Modifier.size(4.5.dp).clip(CircleShape).background(if (active) ClawTheme.colors.success else ClawTheme.colors.textSubtle))
@@ -1978,7 +1986,12 @@ private fun SettingsListRow(
       if (showDisclosure) {
         Icon(
           imageVector = Icons.AutoMirrored.Filled.KeyboardArrowRight,
-          contentDescription = if (row.route != null) "Open ${row.title}" else row.title,
+          contentDescription =
+            if (row.route != null) {
+              nativeString("Open \${row.title}", row.title)
+            } else {
+              nativeString(row.title)
+            },
           modifier = Modifier.size(17.dp),
           tint = ClawTheme.colors.text,
         )
@@ -1990,30 +2003,30 @@ private fun SettingsListRow(
 private fun relativeSessionTime(updatedAtMs: Long): String {
   val deltaMs = (System.currentTimeMillis() - updatedAtMs).coerceAtLeast(0L)
   val minutes = deltaMs / 60_000L
-  if (minutes < 1) return "now"
+  if (minutes < 1) return nativeString("now")
   if (minutes < 60) return "${minutes}m"
   val hours = minutes / 60
   if (hours < 24) return "${hours}h"
   return "${hours / 24}d"
 }
 
-private fun displaySessionTitle(displayName: String?): String = displayName?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: "Main session"
+private fun displaySessionTitle(displayName: String?): String = displayName?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() } ?: nativeString("Main session")
 
 internal fun gatewaySummary(
   statusText: String,
   isConnected: Boolean,
   gatewayConnectionProblem: GatewayConnectionProblem? = null,
 ): String {
-  if (isConnected) return "Online and ready"
+  if (isConnected) return nativeString("Online and ready")
   val status = statusText.trim().lowercase()
   return when {
-    status.contains("connecting") || status.contains("reconnecting") -> "Connecting..."
-    status.contains("pairing") -> "Waiting for pairing"
-    status.contains("auth") || status.contains("device identity") -> gatewayAuthRecoveryLabel(gatewayConnectionProblem) ?: "Authentication needed"
-    status.contains("fingerprint verification timed out") -> "TLS timed out"
-    status.contains("no tls endpoint") -> "No TLS endpoint"
-    status.contains("certificate") || status.contains("tls") -> "Certificate review needed"
-    else -> "Not connected"
+    status.contains("connecting") || status.contains("reconnecting") -> nativeString("Connecting...")
+    status.contains("pairing") -> nativeString("Waiting for pairing")
+    status.contains("auth") || status.contains("device identity") -> gatewayAuthRecoveryLabel(gatewayConnectionProblem) ?: nativeString("Authentication needed")
+    status.contains("fingerprint verification timed out") -> nativeString("TLS timed out")
+    status.contains("no tls endpoint") -> nativeString("No TLS endpoint")
+    status.contains("certificate") || status.contains("tls") -> nativeString("Certificate review needed")
+    else -> nativeString("Not connected")
   }
 }