docs: tighten subscription guidance and update MiniMax M2.5 refs

README.md

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ New install? Start here: [Getting started](https://docs.openclaw.ai/start/gettin
 
 - **[OpenAI](https://openai.com/)** (ChatGPT/Codex)
 
-Model note: while any model is supported, I strongly recommend **Anthropic Pro/Max (100/200) + Opus 4.6** for long‑context strength and better prompt‑injection resistance. See [Onboarding](https://docs.openclaw.ai/start/onboarding).
+Model note: while many providers/models are supported, for the best experience and lower prompt-injection risk use the strongest latest-generation model available to you. See [Onboarding](https://docs.openclaw.ai/start/onboarding).
 
 ## Models (selection + auth)
 

docs/cli/index.md

@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ Tip: when calling `config.set`/`config.apply`/`config.patch` directly, pass `bas
 
 See [/concepts/models](/concepts/models) for fallback behavior and scanning strategy.
 
-Preferred Anthropic auth (setup-token):
+Anthropic setup-token (supported):
 
 ```bash
 claude setup-token
@@ -836,6 +836,10 @@ openclaw models auth setup-token --provider anthropic
 openclaw models status
 ```
 
+Policy note: this is technical compatibility. Anthropic has blocked some
+subscription usage outside Claude Code in the past; verify current Anthropic
+terms before relying on setup-token in production.
+
 ### `models` (root)
 
 `openclaw models` is an alias for `models status`.

docs/cli/models.md

@@ -77,3 +77,4 @@ Notes:
 
 - `setup-token` prompts for a setup-token value (generate it with `claude setup-token` on any machine).
 - `paste-token` accepts a token string generated elsewhere or from automation.
+- Anthropic policy note: setup-token support is technical compatibility. Anthropic has blocked some subscription usage outside Claude Code in the past, so verify current terms before using it broadly.

docs/concepts/model-providers.md

@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ OpenClaw ships with the pi‑ai catalog. These providers require **no**
 - Optional rotation: `ANTHROPIC_API_KEYS`, `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY_1`, `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY_2`, plus `OPENCLAW_LIVE_ANTHROPIC_KEY` (single override)
 - Example model: `anthropic/claude-opus-4-6`
 - CLI: `openclaw onboard --auth-choice token` (paste setup-token) or `openclaw models auth paste-token --provider anthropic`
+- Policy note: setup-token support is technical compatibility; Anthropic has blocked some subscription usage outside Claude Code in the past. Verify current Anthropic terms and decide based on your risk tolerance.
+- Recommendation: Anthropic API key auth is the safer, recommended path over subscription setup-token auth.
 
 ```json5
 {
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ OpenClaw ships with the pi‑ai catalog. These providers require **no**
 - CLI: `openclaw onboard --auth-choice openai-codex` or `openclaw models auth login --provider openai-codex`
 - Default transport is `auto` (WebSocket-first, SSE fallback)
 - Override per model via `agents.defaults.models["openai-codex/<model>"].params.transport` (`"sse"`, `"websocket"`, or `"auto"`)
+- Policy note: OpenAI Codex OAuth is explicitly supported for external tools/workflows like OpenClaw.
 
 ```json5
 {
@@ -307,13 +310,13 @@ Synthetic provides Anthropic-compatible models behind the `synthetic` provider:
 
 - Provider: `synthetic`
 - Auth: `SYNTHETIC_API_KEY`
-- Example model: `synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1`
+- Example model: `synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5`
 - CLI: `openclaw onboard --auth-choice synthetic-api-key`
 
 ```json5
 {
   agents: {
-    defaults: { model: { primary: "synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1" } },
+    defaults: { model: { primary: "synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5" } },
   },
   models: {
     mode: "merge",
@@ -322,7 +325,7 @@ Synthetic provides Anthropic-compatible models behind the `synthetic` provider:
         baseUrl: "https://api.synthetic.new/anthropic",
         apiKey: "${SYNTHETIC_API_KEY}",
         api: "anthropic-messages",
-        models: [{ id: "hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1", name: "MiniMax M2.1" }],
+        models: [{ id: "hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5", name: "MiniMax M2.5" }],
       },
     },
   },
@@ -396,8 +399,8 @@ Example (OpenAI‑compatible):
 {
   agents: {
     defaults: {
-      model: { primary: "lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32" },
-      models: { "lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32": { alias: "Minimax" } },
+      model: { primary: "lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32" },
+      models: { "lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32": { alias: "Minimax" } },
     },
   },
   models: {
@@ -408,8 +411,8 @@ Example (OpenAI‑compatible):
         api: "openai-completions",
         models: [
           {
-            id: "minimax-m2.1-gs32",
-            name: "MiniMax M2.1",
+            id: "minimax-m2.5-gs32",
+            name: "MiniMax M2.5",
             reasoning: false,
             input: ["text"],
             cost: { input: 0, output: 0, cacheRead: 0, cacheWrite: 0 },

docs/concepts/models.md

@@ -28,10 +28,11 @@ Related:
 - `agents.defaults.imageModel` is used **only when** the primary model can’t accept images.
 - Per-agent defaults can override `agents.defaults.model` via `agents.list[].model` plus bindings (see [/concepts/multi-agent](/concepts/multi-agent)).
 
-## Quick model picks (anecdotal)
+## Quick model policy
 
-- **GLM**: a bit better for coding/tool calling.
-- **MiniMax**: better for writing and vibes.
+- Set your primary to the strongest latest-generation model available to you.
+- Use fallbacks for cost/latency-sensitive tasks and lower-stakes chat.
+- For tool-enabled agents or untrusted inputs, avoid older/weaker model tiers.
 
 ## Setup wizard (recommended)
 
@@ -42,8 +43,7 @@ openclaw onboard
 ```
 
 It can set up model + auth for common providers, including **OpenAI Code (Codex)
-subscription** (OAuth) and **Anthropic** (API key recommended; `claude
-setup-token` also supported).
+subscription** (OAuth) and **Anthropic** (API key or `claude setup-token`).
 
 ## Config keys (overview)
 
@@ -160,7 +160,9 @@ JSON includes `auth.oauth` (warn window + profiles) and `auth.providers`
 (effective auth per provider).
 Use `--check` for automation (exit `1` when missing/expired, `2` when expiring).
 
-Preferred Anthropic auth is the Claude Code CLI setup-token (run anywhere; paste on the gateway host if needed):
+Auth choice is provider/account dependent. For always-on gateway hosts, API keys are usually the most predictable; subscription token flows are also supported.
+
+Example (Anthropic setup-token):
 
 ```bash
 claude setup-token

docs/concepts/oauth.md

@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ title: "OAuth"
 
 # OAuth
 
-OpenClaw supports “subscription auth” via OAuth for providers that offer it (notably **OpenAI Codex (ChatGPT OAuth)**). For Anthropic subscriptions, use the **setup-token** flow. This page explains:
+OpenClaw supports “subscription auth” via OAuth for providers that offer it (notably **OpenAI Codex (ChatGPT OAuth)**). For Anthropic subscriptions, use the **setup-token** flow. Anthropic subscription use outside Claude Code has been restricted for some users in the past, so treat it as a user-choice risk and verify current Anthropic policy yourself. OpenAI Codex OAuth is explicitly supported for use in external tools like OpenClaw. This page explains:
+
+For Anthropic in production, API key auth is the safer recommended path over subscription setup-token auth.
 
 - how the OAuth **token exchange** works (PKCE)
 - where tokens are **stored** (and why)
@@ -54,6 +56,12 @@ For static secret refs and runtime snapshot activation behavior, see [Secrets Ma
 
 ## Anthropic setup-token (subscription auth)
 
+<Warning>
+Anthropic setup-token support is technical compatibility, not a policy guarantee.
+Anthropic has blocked some subscription usage outside Claude Code in the past.
+Decide for yourself whether to use subscription auth, and verify Anthropic's current terms.
+</Warning>
+
 Run `claude setup-token` on any machine, then paste it into OpenClaw:
 
 ```bash
@@ -76,7 +84,7 @@ openclaw models status
 
 OpenClaw’s interactive login flows are implemented in `@mariozechner/pi-ai` and wired into the wizards/commands.
 
-### Anthropic (Claude Pro/Max) setup-token
+### Anthropic setup-token
 
 Flow shape:
 
@@ -88,6 +96,8 @@ The wizard path is `openclaw onboard` → auth choice `setup-token` (Anthropic).
 
 ### OpenAI Codex (ChatGPT OAuth)
 
+OpenAI Codex OAuth is explicitly supported for use outside the Codex CLI, including OpenClaw workflows.
+
 Flow shape (PKCE):
 
 1. generate PKCE verifier/challenge + random `state`

docs/design/kilo-gateway-integration.md

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ const needsNonImageSanitize =
             "id": "anthropic/claude-opus-4.6",
             "name": "Anthropic: Claude Opus 4.6"
           },
-          { "id": "minimax/minimax-m2.1:free", "name": "Minimax: Minimax M2.1" }
+          { "id": "minimax/minimax-m2.5:free", "name": "Minimax: Minimax M2.5" }
         ]
       }
     }

docs/gateway/authentication.md

@@ -8,23 +8,26 @@ title: "Authentication"
 
 # Authentication
 
-OpenClaw supports OAuth and API keys for model providers. For Anthropic
-accounts, we recommend using an **API key**. For Claude subscription access,
-use the long‑lived token created by `claude setup-token`.
+OpenClaw supports OAuth and API keys for model providers. For always-on gateway
+hosts, API keys are usually the most predictable option. Subscription/OAuth
+flows are also supported when they match your provider account model.
 
 See [/concepts/oauth](/concepts/oauth) for the full OAuth flow and storage
 layout.
 For SecretRef-based auth (`env`/`file`/`exec` providers), see [Secrets Management](/gateway/secrets).
 
-## Recommended Anthropic setup (API key)
+## Recommended setup (API key, any provider)
 
-If you’re using Anthropic directly, use an API key.
+If you’re running a long-lived gateway, start with an API key for your chosen
+provider.
+For Anthropic specifically, API key auth is the safe path and is recommended
+over subscription setup-token auth.
 
-1. Create an API key in the Anthropic Console.
+1. Create an API key in your provider console.
 2. Put it on the **gateway host** (the machine running `openclaw gateway`).
 
 ```bash
-export ANTHROPIC_API_KEY="..."
+export <PROVIDER>_API_KEY="..."
 openclaw models status
 ```
 
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ openclaw models status
 
 ```bash
 cat >> ~/.openclaw/.env <<'EOF'
-ANTHROPIC_API_KEY=...
+<PROVIDER>_API_KEY=...
 EOF
 ```
 
@@ -52,8 +55,8 @@ See [Help](/help) for details on env inheritance (`env.shellEnv`,
 
 ## Anthropic: setup-token (subscription auth)
 
-For Anthropic, the recommended path is an **API key**. If you’re using a Claude
-subscription, the setup-token flow is also supported. Run it on the **gateway host**:
+If you’re using a Claude subscription, the setup-token flow is supported. Run
+it on the **gateway host**:
 
 ```bash
 claude setup-token
@@ -79,6 +82,12 @@ This credential is only authorized for use with Claude Code and cannot be used f
 
 …use an Anthropic API key instead.
 
+<Warning>
+Anthropic setup-token support is technical compatibility only. Anthropic has blocked
+some subscription usage outside Claude Code in the past. Use it only if you decide
+the policy risk is acceptable, and verify Anthropic's current terms yourself.
+</Warning>
+
 Manual token entry (any provider; writes `auth-profiles.json` + updates config):
 
 ```bash
@@ -164,5 +173,5 @@ is missing, rerun `claude setup-token` and paste the token again.
 
 ## Requirements
 
-- Claude Max or Pro subscription (for `claude setup-token`)
+- Anthropic subscription account (for `claude setup-token`)
 - Claude Code CLI installed (`claude` command available)

docs/gateway/configuration-examples.md

@@ -527,7 +527,13 @@ Only enable direct mutable name/email/nick matching with each channel's `dangero
 }
 ```
 
-### Anthropic subscription + API key, MiniMax fallback
+### Anthropic setup-token + API key, MiniMax fallback
+
+<Warning>
+Anthropic setup-token usage outside Claude Code has been restricted for some
+users in the past. Treat this as user-choice risk and verify current Anthropic
+terms before depending on subscription auth.
+</Warning>
 
 ```json5
 {
@@ -560,7 +566,7 @@ Only enable direct mutable name/email/nick matching with each channel's `dangero
     workspace: "~/.openclaw/workspace",
     model: {
       primary: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6",
-      fallbacks: ["minimax/MiniMax-M2.1"],
+      fallbacks: ["minimax/MiniMax-M2.5"],
     },
   },
 }
@@ -597,7 +603,7 @@ Only enable direct mutable name/email/nick matching with each channel's `dangero
 {
   agent: {
     workspace: "~/.openclaw/workspace",
-    model: { primary: "lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32" },
+    model: { primary: "lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32" },
   },
   models: {
     mode: "merge",
@@ -608,8 +614,8 @@ Only enable direct mutable name/email/nick matching with each channel's `dangero
         api: "openai-responses",
         models: [
           {
-            id: "minimax-m2.1-gs32",
-            name: "MiniMax M2.1 GS32",
+            id: "minimax-m2.5-gs32",
+            name: "MiniMax M2.5 GS32",
             reasoning: false,
             input: ["text"],
             cost: { input: 0, output: 0, cacheRead: 0, cacheWrite: 0 },

docs/gateway/configuration-reference.md

@@ -825,11 +825,11 @@ Time format in system prompt. Default: `auto` (OS preference).
     defaults: {
       models: {
         "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6": { alias: "opus" },
-        "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1": { alias: "minimax" },
+        "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5": { alias: "minimax" },
       },
       model: {
         primary: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6",
-        fallbacks: ["minimax/MiniMax-M2.1"],
+        fallbacks: ["minimax/MiniMax-M2.5"],
       },
       imageModel: {
         primary: "openrouter/qwen/qwen-2.5-vl-72b-instruct:free",
@@ -1895,7 +1895,7 @@ Notes:
   agents: {
     defaults: {
       subagents: {
-        model: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1",
+        model: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5",
         maxConcurrent: 1,
         runTimeoutSeconds: 900,
         archiveAfterMinutes: 60,
@@ -2111,8 +2111,8 @@ Anthropic-compatible, built-in provider. Shortcut: `openclaw onboard --auth-choi
   env: { SYNTHETIC_API_KEY: "sk-..." },
   agents: {
     defaults: {
-      model: { primary: "synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1" },
-      models: { "synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1": { alias: "MiniMax M2.1" } },
+      model: { primary: "synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5" },
+      models: { "synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5": { alias: "MiniMax M2.5" } },
     },
   },
   models: {
@@ -2124,8 +2124,8 @@ Anthropic-compatible, built-in provider. Shortcut: `openclaw onboard --auth-choi
         api: "anthropic-messages",
         models: [
           {
-            id: "hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1",
-            name: "MiniMax M2.1",
+            id: "hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5",
+            name: "MiniMax M2.5",
             reasoning: false,
             input: ["text"],
             cost: { input: 0, output: 0, cacheRead: 0, cacheWrite: 0 },
@@ -2143,15 +2143,15 @@ Base URL should omit `/v1` (Anthropic client appends it). Shortcut: `openclaw on
 
 </Accordion>
 
-<Accordion title="MiniMax M2.1 (direct)">
+<Accordion title="MiniMax M2.5 (direct)">
 
 ```json5
 {
   agents: {
     defaults: {
-      model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" },
+      model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" },
       models: {
-        "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1": { alias: "Minimax" },
+        "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5": { alias: "Minimax" },
       },
     },
   },
@@ -2164,8 +2164,8 @@ Base URL should omit `/v1` (Anthropic client appends it). Shortcut: `openclaw on
         api: "anthropic-messages",
         models: [
           {
-            id: "MiniMax-M2.1",
-            name: "MiniMax M2.1",
+            id: "MiniMax-M2.5",
+            name: "MiniMax M2.5",
             reasoning: false,
             input: ["text"],
             cost: { input: 15, output: 60, cacheRead: 2, cacheWrite: 10 },
@@ -2185,7 +2185,7 @@ Set `MINIMAX_API_KEY`. Shortcut: `openclaw onboard --auth-choice minimax-api`.
 
 <Accordion title="Local models (LM Studio)">
 
-See [Local Models](/gateway/local-models). TL;DR: run MiniMax M2.1 via LM Studio Responses API on serious hardware; keep hosted models merged for fallback.
+See [Local Models](/gateway/local-models). TL;DR: run MiniMax M2.5 via LM Studio Responses API on serious hardware; keep hosted models merged for fallback.
 
 </Accordion>
 

docs/gateway/local-models.md

@@ -11,18 +11,18 @@ title: "Local Models"
 
 Local is doable, but OpenClaw expects large context + strong defenses against prompt injection. Small cards truncate context and leak safety. Aim high: **≥2 maxed-out Mac Studios or equivalent GPU rig (~$30k+)**. A single **24 GB** GPU works only for lighter prompts with higher latency. Use the **largest / full-size model variant you can run**; aggressively quantized or “small” checkpoints raise prompt-injection risk (see [Security](/gateway/security)).
 
-## Recommended: LM Studio + MiniMax M2.1 (Responses API, full-size)
+## Recommended: LM Studio + MiniMax M2.5 (Responses API, full-size)
 
-Best current local stack. Load MiniMax M2.1 in LM Studio, enable the local server (default `http://127.0.0.1:1234`), and use Responses API to keep reasoning separate from final text.
+Best current local stack. Load MiniMax M2.5 in LM Studio, enable the local server (default `http://127.0.0.1:1234`), and use Responses API to keep reasoning separate from final text.
 
 ```json5
 {
   agents: {
     defaults: {
-      model: { primary: "lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32" },
+      model: { primary: "lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32" },
       models: {
         "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6": { alias: "Opus" },
-        "lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32": { alias: "Minimax" },
+        "lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32": { alias: "Minimax" },
       },
     },
   },
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ Best current local stack. Load MiniMax M2.1 in LM Studio, enable the local serve
         api: "openai-responses",
         models: [
           {
-            id: "minimax-m2.1-gs32",
-            name: "MiniMax M2.1 GS32",
+            id: "minimax-m2.5-gs32",
+            name: "MiniMax M2.5 GS32",
             reasoning: false,
             input: ["text"],
             cost: { input: 0, output: 0, cacheRead: 0, cacheWrite: 0 },
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Best current local stack. Load MiniMax M2.1 in LM Studio, enable the local serve
 **Setup checklist**
 
 - Install LM Studio: [https://lmstudio.ai](https://lmstudio.ai)
-- In LM Studio, download the **largest MiniMax M2.1 build available** (avoid “small”/heavily quantized variants), start the server, confirm `http://127.0.0.1:1234/v1/models` lists it.
+- In LM Studio, download the **largest MiniMax M2.5 build available** (avoid “small”/heavily quantized variants), start the server, confirm `http://127.0.0.1:1234/v1/models` lists it.
 - Keep the model loaded; cold-load adds startup latency.
 - Adjust `contextWindow`/`maxTokens` if your LM Studio build differs.
 - For WhatsApp, stick to Responses API so only final text is sent.
@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ Keep hosted models configured even when running local; use `models.mode: "merge"
     defaults: {
       model: {
         primary: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-5",
-        fallbacks: ["lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32", "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6"],
+        fallbacks: ["lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32", "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6"],
       },
       models: {
         "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-5": { alias: "Sonnet" },
-        "lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32": { alias: "MiniMax Local" },
+        "lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32": { alias: "MiniMax Local" },
         "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6": { alias: "Opus" },
       },
     },
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ Keep hosted models configured even when running local; use `models.mode: "merge"
         api: "openai-responses",
         models: [
           {
-            id: "minimax-m2.1-gs32",
-            name: "MiniMax M2.1 GS32",
+            id: "minimax-m2.5-gs32",
+            name: "MiniMax M2.5 GS32",
             reasoning: false,
             input: ["text"],
             cost: { input: 0, output: 0, cacheRead: 0, cacheWrite: 0 },

docs/gateway/security/index.md

@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ Even with strong system prompts, **prompt injection is not solved**. System prom
 - Run sensitive tool execution in a sandbox; keep secrets out of the agent’s reachable filesystem.
 - Note: sandboxing is opt-in. If sandbox mode is off, exec runs on the gateway host even though tools.exec.host defaults to sandbox, and host exec does not require approvals unless you set host=gateway and configure exec approvals.
 - Limit high-risk tools (`exec`, `browser`, `web_fetch`, `web_search`) to trusted agents or explicit allowlists.
-- **Model choice matters:** older/legacy models can be less robust against prompt injection and tool misuse. Prefer modern, instruction-hardened models for any bot with tools. We recommend Anthropic Opus 4.6 (or the latest Opus) because it’s strong at recognizing prompt injections (see [“A step forward on safety”](https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-5)).
+- **Model choice matters:** older/legacy models can be less robust against prompt injection and tool misuse. Prefer the strongest latest-generation, instruction-hardened model available for any bot with tools.
 
 Red flags to treat as untrusted:
 
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ Prompt injection resistance is **not** uniform across model tiers. Smaller/cheap
 Recommendations:
 
 - **Use the latest generation, best-tier model** for any bot that can run tools or touch files/networks.
-- **Avoid weaker tiers** (for example, Sonnet or Haiku) for tool-enabled agents or untrusted inboxes.
+- **Avoid older/weaker tiers** for tool-enabled agents or untrusted inboxes.
 - If you must use a smaller model, **reduce blast radius** (read-only tools, strong sandboxing, minimal filesystem access, strict allowlists).
 - When running small models, **enable sandboxing for all sessions** and **disable web_search/web_fetch/browser** unless inputs are tightly controlled.
 - For chat-only personal assistants with trusted input and no tools, smaller models are usually fine.

docs/help/faq.md

@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ Quick answers plus deeper troubleshooting for real-world setups (local dev, VPS,
   - [How do I switch models on the fly (without restarting)?](#how-do-i-switch-models-on-the-fly-without-restarting)
   - [Can I use GPT 5.2 for daily tasks and Codex 5.3 for coding](#can-i-use-gpt-52-for-daily-tasks-and-codex-53-for-coding)
   - [Why do I see "Model … is not allowed" and then no reply?](#why-do-i-see-model-is-not-allowed-and-then-no-reply)
-  - [Why do I see "Unknown model: minimax/MiniMax-M2.1"?](#why-do-i-see-unknown-model-minimaxminimaxm21)
+  - [Why do I see "Unknown model: minimax/MiniMax-M2.5"?](#why-do-i-see-unknown-model-minimaxminimaxm21)
   - [Can I use MiniMax as my default and OpenAI for complex tasks?](#can-i-use-minimax-as-my-default-and-openai-for-complex-tasks)
   - [Are opus / sonnet / gpt built-in shortcuts?](#are-opus-sonnet-gpt-builtin-shortcuts)
   - [How do I define/override model shortcuts (aliases)?](#how-do-i-defineoverride-model-shortcuts-aliases)
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ Docs: [Update](/cli/update), [Updating](/install/updating).
 
 `openclaw onboard` is the recommended setup path. In **local mode** it walks you through:
 
-- **Model/auth setup** (Anthropic **setup-token** recommended for Claude subscriptions, OpenAI Codex OAuth supported, API keys optional, LM Studio local models supported)
+- **Model/auth setup** (provider OAuth/setup-token flows and API keys supported, plus local model options such as LM Studio)
 - **Workspace** location + bootstrap files
 - **Gateway settings** (bind/port/auth/tailscale)
 - **Providers** (WhatsApp, Telegram, Discord, Mattermost (plugin), Signal, iMessage)
@@ -703,6 +703,10 @@ No. You can run OpenClaw with **API keys** (Anthropic/OpenAI/others) or with
 **local-only models** so your data stays on your device. Subscriptions (Claude
 Pro/Max or OpenAI Codex) are optional ways to authenticate those providers.
 
+If you choose Anthropic subscription auth, decide for yourself whether to use it:
+Anthropic has blocked some subscription usage outside Claude Code in the past.
+OpenAI Codex OAuth is explicitly supported for external tools like OpenClaw.
+
 Docs: [Anthropic](/providers/anthropic), [OpenAI](/providers/openai),
 [Local models](/gateway/local-models), [Models](/concepts/models).
 
@@ -712,9 +716,9 @@ Yes. You can authenticate with a **setup-token**
 instead of an API key. This is the subscription path.
 
 Claude Pro/Max subscriptions **do not include an API key**, so this is the
-correct approach for subscription accounts. Important: you must verify with
-Anthropic that this usage is allowed under their subscription policy and terms.
-If you want the most explicit, supported path, use an Anthropic API key.
+technical path for subscription accounts. But this is your decision: Anthropic
+has blocked some subscription usage outside Claude Code in the past.
+If you want the clearest and safest supported path for production, use an Anthropic API key.
 
 ### How does Anthropic setuptoken auth work
 
@@ -734,12 +738,15 @@ Copy the token it prints, then choose **Anthropic token (paste setup-token)** in
 
 Yes - via **setup-token**. OpenClaw no longer reuses Claude Code CLI OAuth tokens; use a setup-token or an Anthropic API key. Generate the token anywhere and paste it on the gateway host. See [Anthropic](/providers/anthropic) and [OAuth](/concepts/oauth).
 
-Note: Claude subscription access is governed by Anthropic's terms. For production or multi-user workloads, API keys are usually the safer choice.
+Important: this is technical compatibility, not a policy guarantee. Anthropic
+has blocked some subscription usage outside Claude Code in the past.
+You need to decide whether to use it and verify Anthropic's current terms.
+For production or multi-user workloads, Anthropic API key auth is the safer, recommended choice.
 
 ### Why am I seeing HTTP 429 ratelimiterror from Anthropic
 
 That means your **Anthropic quota/rate limit** is exhausted for the current window. If you
-use a **Claude subscription** (setup-token or Claude Code OAuth), wait for the window to
+use a **Claude subscription** (setup-token), wait for the window to
 reset or upgrade your plan. If you use an **Anthropic API key**, check the Anthropic Console
 for usage/billing and raise limits as needed.
 
@@ -763,8 +770,9 @@ OpenClaw supports **OpenAI Code (Codex)** via OAuth (ChatGPT sign-in). The wizar
 
 ### Do you support OpenAI subscription auth Codex OAuth
 
-Yes. OpenClaw fully supports **OpenAI Code (Codex) subscription OAuth**. The onboarding wizard
-can run the OAuth flow for you.
+Yes. OpenClaw fully supports **OpenAI Code (Codex) subscription OAuth**.
+OpenAI explicitly allows subscription OAuth usage in external tools/workflows
+like OpenClaw. The onboarding wizard can run the OAuth flow for you.
 
 See [OAuth](/concepts/oauth), [Model providers](/concepts/model-providers), and [Wizard](/start/wizard).
 
@@ -781,7 +789,7 @@ This stores OAuth tokens in auth profiles on the gateway host. Details: [Model p
 
 ### Is a local model OK for casual chats
 
-Usually no. OpenClaw needs large context + strong safety; small cards truncate and leak. If you must, run the **largest** MiniMax M2.1 build you can locally (LM Studio) and see [/gateway/local-models](/gateway/local-models). Smaller/quantized models increase prompt-injection risk - see [Security](/gateway/security).
+Usually no. OpenClaw needs large context + strong safety; small cards truncate and leak. If you must, run the **largest** MiniMax M2.5 build you can locally (LM Studio) and see [/gateway/local-models](/gateway/local-models). Smaller/quantized models increase prompt-injection risk - see [Security](/gateway/security).
 
 ### How do I keep hosted model traffic in a specific region
 
@@ -2028,12 +2036,11 @@ Models are referenced as `provider/model` (example: `anthropic/claude-opus-4-6`)
 
 ### What model do you recommend
 
-**Recommended default:** `anthropic/claude-opus-4-6`.
-**Good alternative:** `anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-5`.
-**Reliable (less character):** `openai/gpt-5.2` - nearly as good as Opus, just less personality.
-**Budget:** `zai/glm-4.7`.
+**Recommended default:** use the strongest latest-generation model available in your provider stack.
+**For tool-enabled or untrusted-input agents:** prioritize model strength over cost.
+**For routine/low-stakes chat:** use cheaper fallback models and route by agent role.
 
-MiniMax M2.1 has its own docs: [MiniMax](/providers/minimax) and
+MiniMax M2.5 has its own docs: [MiniMax](/providers/minimax) and
 [Local models](/gateway/local-models).
 
 Rule of thumb: use the **best model you can afford** for high-stakes work, and a cheaper
@@ -2077,8 +2084,9 @@ Docs: [Models](/concepts/models), [Configure](/cli/configure), [Config](/cli/con
 
 ### What do OpenClaw, Flawd, and Krill use for models
 
-- **OpenClaw + Flawd:** Anthropic Opus (`anthropic/claude-opus-4-6`) - see [Anthropic](/providers/anthropic).
-- **Krill:** MiniMax M2.1 (`minimax/MiniMax-M2.1`) - see [MiniMax](/providers/minimax).
+- These deployments can differ and may change over time; there is no fixed provider recommendation.
+- Check the current runtime setting on each gateway with `openclaw models status`.
+- For security-sensitive/tool-enabled agents, use the strongest latest-generation model available.
 
 ### How do I switch models on the fly without restarting
 
@@ -2156,8 +2164,8 @@ Fix checklist:
 1. Upgrade to **2026.1.12** (or run from source `main`), then restart the gateway.
 2. Make sure MiniMax is configured (wizard or JSON), or that a MiniMax API key
    exists in env/auth profiles so the provider can be injected.
-3. Use the exact model id (case-sensitive): `minimax/MiniMax-M2.1` or
-   `minimax/MiniMax-M2.1-lightning`.
+3. Use the exact model id (case-sensitive): `minimax/MiniMax-M2.5` or
+   `minimax/MiniMax-M2.5-Lightning`.
 4. Run:
 
    ```bash
@@ -2180,9 +2188,9 @@ Fallbacks are for **errors**, not "hard tasks," so use `/model` or a separate ag
   env: { MINIMAX_API_KEY: "sk-...", OPENAI_API_KEY: "sk-..." },
   agents: {
     defaults: {
-      model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" },
+      model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" },
       models: {
-        "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1": { alias: "minimax" },
+        "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5": { alias: "minimax" },
         "openai/gpt-5.2": { alias: "gpt" },
       },
     },

docs/help/testing.md

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Live tests are split into two layers so we can isolate failures:
   - `pnpm test:live` (or `OPENCLAW_LIVE_TEST=1` if invoking Vitest directly)
 - Set `OPENCLAW_LIVE_MODELS=modern` (or `all`, alias for modern) to actually run this suite; otherwise it skips to keep `pnpm test:live` focused on gateway smoke
 - How to select models:
-  - `OPENCLAW_LIVE_MODELS=modern` to run the modern allowlist (Opus/Sonnet/Haiku 4.5, GPT-5.x + Codex, Gemini 3, GLM 4.7, MiniMax M2.1, Grok 4)
+  - `OPENCLAW_LIVE_MODELS=modern` to run the modern allowlist (Opus/Sonnet/Haiku 4.5, GPT-5.x + Codex, Gemini 3, GLM 4.7, MiniMax M2.5, Grok 4)
   - `OPENCLAW_LIVE_MODELS=all` is an alias for the modern allowlist
   - or `OPENCLAW_LIVE_MODELS="openai/gpt-5.2,anthropic/claude-opus-4-6,..."` (comma allowlist)
 - How to select providers:
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Live tests are split into two layers so we can isolate failures:
 - How to enable:
   - `pnpm test:live` (or `OPENCLAW_LIVE_TEST=1` if invoking Vitest directly)
 - How to select models:
-  - Default: modern allowlist (Opus/Sonnet/Haiku 4.5, GPT-5.x + Codex, Gemini 3, GLM 4.7, MiniMax M2.1, Grok 4)
+  - Default: modern allowlist (Opus/Sonnet/Haiku 4.5, GPT-5.x + Codex, Gemini 3, GLM 4.7, MiniMax M2.5, Grok 4)
   - `OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODELS=all` is an alias for the modern allowlist
   - Or set `OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODELS="provider/model"` (or comma list) to narrow
 - How to select providers (avoid “OpenRouter everything”):
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ Narrow, explicit allowlists are fastest and least flaky:
   - `OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODELS="openai/gpt-5.2" pnpm test:live src/gateway/gateway-models.profiles.live.test.ts`
 
 - Tool calling across several providers:
-  - `OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODELS="openai/gpt-5.2,anthropic/claude-opus-4-6,google/gemini-3-flash-preview,zai/glm-4.7,minimax/minimax-m2.1" pnpm test:live src/gateway/gateway-models.profiles.live.test.ts`
+  - `OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODELS="openai/gpt-5.2,anthropic/claude-opus-4-6,google/gemini-3-flash-preview,zai/glm-4.7,minimax/minimax-m2.5" pnpm test:live src/gateway/gateway-models.profiles.live.test.ts`
 
 - Google focus (Gemini API key + Antigravity):
   - Gemini (API key): `OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODELS="google/gemini-3-flash-preview" pnpm test:live src/gateway/gateway-models.profiles.live.test.ts`
@@ -280,10 +280,10 @@ This is the “common models” run we expect to keep working:
 - Google (Gemini API): `google/gemini-3-pro-preview` and `google/gemini-3-flash-preview` (avoid older Gemini 2.x models)
 - Google (Antigravity): `google-antigravity/claude-opus-4-6-thinking` and `google-antigravity/gemini-3-flash`
 - Z.AI (GLM): `zai/glm-4.7`
-- MiniMax: `minimax/minimax-m2.1`
+- MiniMax: `minimax/minimax-m2.5`
 
 Run gateway smoke with tools + image:
-`OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODELS="openai/gpt-5.2,openai-codex/gpt-5.3-codex,anthropic/claude-opus-4-6,google/gemini-3-pro-preview,google/gemini-3-flash-preview,google-antigravity/claude-opus-4-6-thinking,google-antigravity/gemini-3-flash,zai/glm-4.7,minimax/minimax-m2.1" pnpm test:live src/gateway/gateway-models.profiles.live.test.ts`
+`OPENCLAW_LIVE_GATEWAY_MODELS="openai/gpt-5.2,openai-codex/gpt-5.3-codex,anthropic/claude-opus-4-6,google/gemini-3-pro-preview,google/gemini-3-flash-preview,google-antigravity/claude-opus-4-6-thinking,google-antigravity/gemini-3-flash,zai/glm-4.7,minimax/minimax-m2.5" pnpm test:live src/gateway/gateway-models.profiles.live.test.ts`
 
 ### Baseline: tool calling (Read + optional Exec)
 
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ Pick at least one per provider family:
 - Anthropic: `anthropic/claude-opus-4-6` (or `anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-5`)
 - Google: `google/gemini-3-flash-preview` (or `google/gemini-3-pro-preview`)
 - Z.AI (GLM): `zai/glm-4.7`
-- MiniMax: `minimax/minimax-m2.1`
+- MiniMax: `minimax/minimax-m2.5`
 
 Optional additional coverage (nice to have):
 

docs/index.md

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ OpenClaw is a **self-hosted gateway** that connects your favorite chat apps —
 - **Agent-native**: built for coding agents with tool use, sessions, memory, and multi-agent routing
 - **Open source**: MIT licensed, community-driven
 
-**What do you need?** Node 22+, an API key (Anthropic recommended), and 5 minutes.
+**What do you need?** Node 22+, an API key from your chosen provider, and 5 minutes. For best quality and security, use the strongest latest-generation model available.
 
 ## How it works
 

docs/install/fly.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ read_when:
 
 - [flyctl CLI](https://fly.io/docs/hands-on/install-flyctl/) installed
 - Fly.io account (free tier works)
-- Model auth: Anthropic API key (or other provider keys)
+- Model auth: API key for your chosen model provider
 - Channel credentials: Discord bot token, Telegram token, etc.
 
 ## Beginner quick path

docs/install/nix.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ What I need you to do:
 1. Check if Determinate Nix is installed (if not, install it)
 2. Create a local flake at ~/code/openclaw-local using templates/agent-first/flake.nix
 3. Help me create a Telegram bot (@BotFather) and get my chat ID (@userinfobot)
-4. Set up secrets (bot token, Anthropic key) - plain files at ~/.secrets/ is fine
+4. Set up secrets (bot token, model provider API key) - plain files at ~/.secrets/ is fine
 5. Fill in the template placeholders and run home-manager switch
 6. Verify: launchd running, bot responds to messages
 

docs/nodes/media-understanding.md

@@ -199,24 +199,13 @@ If you omit `capabilities`, the entry is eligible for the list it appears in.
 | Audio      | OpenAI, Groq, Deepgram, Google, Mistral          | Provider transcription (Whisper/Deepgram/Gemini/Voxtral). |
 | Video      | Google (Gemini API)                              | Provider video understanding.                             |
 
-## Recommended providers
+## Model selection guidance
 
-**Image**
-
-- Prefer your active model if it supports images.
-- Good defaults: `openai/gpt-5.2`, `anthropic/claude-opus-4-6`, `google/gemini-3-pro-preview`.
-
-**Audio**
-
-- `openai/gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, `groq/whisper-large-v3-turbo`, `deepgram/nova-3`, or `mistral/voxtral-mini-latest`.
-- CLI fallback: `whisper-cli` (whisper-cpp) or `whisper`.
+- Prefer the strongest latest-generation model available for each media capability when quality and safety matter.
+- For tool-enabled agents handling untrusted inputs, avoid older/weaker media models.
+- Keep at least one fallback per capability for availability (quality model + faster/cheaper model).
+- CLI fallbacks (`whisper-cli`, `whisper`, `gemini`) are useful when provider APIs are unavailable.
 - `parakeet-mlx` note: with `--output-dir`, OpenClaw reads `<output-dir>/<media-basename>.txt` when output format is `txt` (or unspecified); non-`txt` formats fall back to stdout.
-- Deepgram setup: [Deepgram (audio transcription)](/providers/deepgram).
-
-**Video**
-
-- `google/gemini-3-flash-preview` (fast), `google/gemini-3-pro-preview` (richer).
-- CLI fallback: `gemini` CLI (supports `read_file` on video/audio).
 
 ## Attachment policy
 

docs/providers/claude-max-api-proxy.md

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 ---
-summary: "Use Claude Max/Pro subscription as an OpenAI-compatible API endpoint"
+summary: "Community proxy to expose Claude subscription credentials as an OpenAI-compatible endpoint"
 read_when:
   - You want to use Claude Max subscription with OpenAI-compatible tools
   - You want a local API server that wraps Claude Code CLI
-  - You want to save money by using subscription instead of API keys
+  - You want to evaluate subscription-based vs API-key-based Anthropic access
 title: "Claude Max API Proxy"
 ---
 
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@ title: "Claude Max API Proxy"
 
 **claude-max-api-proxy** is a community tool that exposes your Claude Max/Pro subscription as an OpenAI-compatible API endpoint. This allows you to use your subscription with any tool that supports the OpenAI API format.
 
+<Warning>
+This path is technical compatibility only. Anthropic has blocked some subscription
+usage outside Claude Code in the past. You must decide for yourself whether to use
+it and verify Anthropic's current terms before relying on it.
+</Warning>
+
 ## Why Use This?
 
 | Approach                | Cost                                                | Best For                                   |
@@ -18,7 +24,7 @@ title: "Claude Max API Proxy"
 | Anthropic API           | Pay per token (~$15/M input, $75/M output for Opus) | Production apps, high volume               |
 | Claude Max subscription | $200/month flat                                     | Personal use, development, unlimited usage |
 
-If you have a Claude Max subscription and want to use it with OpenAI-compatible tools, this proxy can save you significant money.
+If you have a Claude Max subscription and want to use it with OpenAI-compatible tools, this proxy may reduce cost for some workflows. API keys remain the clearer policy path for production use.
 
 ## How It Works
 

docs/providers/index.md

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Looking for chat channel docs (WhatsApp/Telegram/Discord/Slack/Mattermost (plugi
 
 ## Community tools
 
-- [Claude Max API Proxy](/providers/claude-max-api-proxy) - Use Claude Max/Pro subscription as an OpenAI-compatible API endpoint
+- [Claude Max API Proxy](/providers/claude-max-api-proxy) - Community proxy for Claude subscription credentials (verify Anthropic policy/terms before use)
 
 For the full provider catalog (xAI, Groq, Mistral, etc.) and advanced configuration,
 see [Model providers](/concepts/model-providers).

docs/providers/minimax.md

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ---
-summary: "Use MiniMax M2.1 in OpenClaw"
+summary: "Use MiniMax M2.5 in OpenClaw"
 read_when:
   - You want MiniMax models in OpenClaw
   - You need MiniMax setup guidance
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ title: "MiniMax"
 
 # MiniMax
 
-MiniMax is an AI company that builds the **M2/M2.1** model family. The current
-coding-focused release is **MiniMax M2.1** (December 23, 2025), built for
+MiniMax is an AI company that builds the **M2/M2.5** model family. The current
+coding-focused release is **MiniMax M2.5** (December 23, 2025), built for
 real-world complex tasks.
 
-Source: [MiniMax M2.1 release note](https://www.minimax.io/news/minimax-m21)
+Source: [MiniMax M2.5 release note](https://www.minimax.io/news/minimax-m21)
 
-## Model overview (M2.1)
+## Model overview (M2.5)
 
-MiniMax highlights these improvements in M2.1:
+MiniMax highlights these improvements in M2.5:
 
 - Stronger **multi-language coding** (Rust, Java, Go, C++, Kotlin, Objective-C, TS/JS).
 - Better **web/app development** and aesthetic output quality (including native mobile).
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ MiniMax highlights these improvements in M2.1:
   Droid/Factory AI, Cline, Kilo Code, Roo Code, BlackBox).
 - Higher-quality **dialogue and technical writing** outputs.
 
-## MiniMax M2.1 vs MiniMax M2.1 Lightning
+## MiniMax M2.5 vs MiniMax M2.5 Lightning
 
 - **Speed:** Lightning is the “fast” variant in MiniMax’s pricing docs.
 - **Cost:** Pricing shows the same input cost, but Lightning has higher output cost.
 - **Coding plan routing:** The Lightning back-end isn’t directly available on the MiniMax
   coding plan. MiniMax auto-routes most requests to Lightning, but falls back to the
-  regular M2.1 back-end during traffic spikes.
+  regular M2.5 back-end during traffic spikes.
 
 ## Choose a setup
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ You will be prompted to select an endpoint:
 
 See [MiniMax OAuth plugin README](https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/tree/main/extensions/minimax-portal-auth) for details.
 
-### MiniMax M2.1 (API key)
+### MiniMax M2.5 (API key)
 
 **Best for:** hosted MiniMax with Anthropic-compatible API.
 
@@ -64,12 +64,12 @@ Configure via CLI:
 
 - Run `openclaw configure`
 - Select **Model/auth**
-- Choose **MiniMax M2.1**
+- Choose **MiniMax M2.5**
 
 ```json5
 {
   env: { MINIMAX_API_KEY: "sk-..." },
-  agents: { defaults: { model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" } } },
+  agents: { defaults: { model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" } } },
   models: {
     mode: "merge",
     providers: {
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ Configure via CLI:
         api: "anthropic-messages",
         models: [
           {
-            id: "MiniMax-M2.1",
-            name: "MiniMax M2.1",
+            id: "MiniMax-M2.5",
+            name: "MiniMax M2.5",
             reasoning: false,
             input: ["text"],
             cost: { input: 15, output: 60, cacheRead: 2, cacheWrite: 10 },
@@ -94,9 +94,10 @@ Configure via CLI:
 }
 ```
 
-### MiniMax M2.1 as fallback (Opus primary)
+### MiniMax M2.5 as fallback (example)
 
-**Best for:** keep Opus 4.6 as primary, fail over to MiniMax M2.1.
+**Best for:** keep your strongest latest-generation model as primary, fail over to MiniMax M2.5.
+Example below uses Opus as a concrete primary; swap to your preferred latest-gen primary model.
 
 ```json5
 {
@@ -104,12 +105,12 @@ Configure via CLI:
   agents: {
     defaults: {
       models: {
-        "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6": { alias: "opus" },
-        "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1": { alias: "minimax" },
+        "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6": { alias: "primary" },
+        "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5": { alias: "minimax" },
       },
       model: {
         primary: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-6",
-        fallbacks: ["minimax/MiniMax-M2.1"],
+        fallbacks: ["minimax/MiniMax-M2.5"],
       },
     },
   },
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ Configure via CLI:
 ### Optional: Local via LM Studio (manual)
 
 **Best for:** local inference with LM Studio.
-We have seen strong results with MiniMax M2.1 on powerful hardware (e.g. a
+We have seen strong results with MiniMax M2.5 on powerful hardware (e.g. a
 desktop/server) using LM Studio's local server.
 
 Configure manually via `openclaw.json`:
@@ -128,8 +129,8 @@ Configure manually via `openclaw.json`:
 {
   agents: {
     defaults: {
-      model: { primary: "lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32" },
-      models: { "lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32": { alias: "Minimax" } },
+      model: { primary: "lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32" },
+      models: { "lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32": { alias: "Minimax" } },
     },
   },
   models: {
@@ -141,8 +142,8 @@ Configure manually via `openclaw.json`:
         api: "openai-responses",
         models: [
           {
-            id: "minimax-m2.1-gs32",
-            name: "MiniMax M2.1 GS32",
+            id: "minimax-m2.5-gs32",
+            name: "MiniMax M2.5 GS32",
             reasoning: false,
             input: ["text"],
             cost: { input: 0, output: 0, cacheRead: 0, cacheWrite: 0 },
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ Use the interactive config wizard to set MiniMax without editing JSON:
 
 1. Run `openclaw configure`.
 2. Select **Model/auth**.
-3. Choose **MiniMax M2.1**.
+3. Choose **MiniMax M2.5**.
 4. Pick your default model when prompted.
 
 ## Configuration options
@@ -181,25 +182,25 @@ Use the interactive config wizard to set MiniMax without editing JSON:
 - Update pricing values in `models.json` if you need exact cost tracking.
 - Referral link for MiniMax Coding Plan (10% off): [https://platform.minimax.io/subscribe/coding-plan?code=DbXJTRClnb&source=link](https://platform.minimax.io/subscribe/coding-plan?code=DbXJTRClnb&source=link)
 - See [/concepts/model-providers](/concepts/model-providers) for provider rules.
-- Use `openclaw models list` and `openclaw models set minimax/MiniMax-M2.1` to switch.
+- Use `openclaw models list` and `openclaw models set minimax/MiniMax-M2.5` to switch.
 
 ## Troubleshooting
 
-### “Unknown model: minimax/MiniMax-M2.1”
+### “Unknown model: minimax/MiniMax-M2.5”
 
 This usually means the **MiniMax provider isn’t configured** (no provider entry
 and no MiniMax auth profile/env key found). A fix for this detection is in
 **2026.1.12** (unreleased at the time of writing). Fix by:
 
 - Upgrading to **2026.1.12** (or run from source `main`), then restarting the gateway.
-- Running `openclaw configure` and selecting **MiniMax M2.1**, or
+- Running `openclaw configure` and selecting **MiniMax M2.5**, or
 - Adding the `models.providers.minimax` block manually, or
 - Setting `MINIMAX_API_KEY` (or a MiniMax auth profile) so the provider can be injected.
 
 Make sure the model id is **case‑sensitive**:
 
-- `minimax/MiniMax-M2.1`
-- `minimax/MiniMax-M2.1-lightning`
+- `minimax/MiniMax-M2.5`
+- `minimax/MiniMax-M2.5-Lightning`
 
 Then recheck with:
 

docs/providers/openai.md

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ title: "OpenAI"
 
 OpenAI provides developer APIs for GPT models. Codex supports **ChatGPT sign-in** for subscription
 access or **API key** sign-in for usage-based access. Codex cloud requires ChatGPT sign-in.
+OpenAI explicitly supports subscription OAuth usage in external tools/workflows like OpenClaw.
 
 ## Option A: OpenAI API key (OpenAI Platform)
 

docs/providers/synthetic.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ openclaw onboard --auth-choice synthetic-api-key
 The default model is set to:
 
 ```
-synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1
+synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5
 ```
 
 ## Config example
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1
   env: { SYNTHETIC_API_KEY: "sk-..." },
   agents: {
     defaults: {
-      model: { primary: "synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1" },
-      models: { "synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1": { alias: "MiniMax M2.1" } },
+      model: { primary: "synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5" },
+      models: { "synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5": { alias: "MiniMax M2.5" } },
     },
   },
   models: {
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ synthetic/hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1
         api: "anthropic-messages",
         models: [
           {
-            id: "hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1",
-            name: "MiniMax M2.1",
+            id: "hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5",
+            name: "MiniMax M2.5",
             reasoning: false,
             input: ["text"],
             cost: { input: 0, output: 0, cacheRead: 0, cacheWrite: 0 },
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ All models below use cost `0` (input/output/cache).
 
 | Model ID                                               | Context window | Max tokens | Reasoning | Input        |
 | ------------------------------------------------------ | -------------- | ---------- | --------- | ------------ |
-| `hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1`                            | 192000         | 65536      | false     | text         |
+| `hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5`                            | 192000         | 65536      | false     | text         |
 | `hf:moonshotai/Kimi-K2-Thinking`                       | 256000         | 8192       | true      | text         |
 | `hf:zai-org/GLM-4.7`                                   | 198000         | 128000     | false     | text         |
 | `hf:deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-0528`                      | 128000         | 8192       | false     | text         |

docs/providers/venice.md

@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ openclaw models list | grep venice
 | `grok-41-fast`           | Grok 4.1 Fast     | 262k             | Reasoning, vision |
 | `grok-code-fast-1`       | Grok Code Fast 1  | 262k             | Reasoning, code   |
 | `kimi-k2-thinking`       | Kimi K2 Thinking  | 262k             | Reasoning         |
-| `minimax-m21`            | MiniMax M2.1      | 202k             | Reasoning         |
+| `minimax-m21`            | MiniMax M2.5      | 202k             | Reasoning         |
 
 ## Model Discovery
 

docs/reference/wizard.md

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ For a high-level overview, see [Onboarding Wizard](/start/wizard).
       - Full reset (also removes workspace)
   </Step>
   <Step title="Model/Auth">
-    - **Anthropic API key (recommended)**: uses `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY` if present or prompts for a key, then saves it for daemon use.
+    - **Anthropic API key**: uses `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY` if present or prompts for a key, then saves it for daemon use.
     - **Anthropic OAuth (Claude Code CLI)**: on macOS the wizard checks Keychain item "Claude Code-credentials" (choose "Always Allow" so launchd starts don't block); on Linux/Windows it reuses `~/.claude/.credentials.json` if present.
     - **Anthropic token (paste setup-token)**: run `claude setup-token` on any machine, then paste the token (you can name it; blank = default).
     - **OpenAI Code (Codex) subscription (Codex CLI)**: if `~/.codex/auth.json` exists, the wizard can reuse it.
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ For a high-level overview, see [Onboarding Wizard](/start/wizard).
     - More detail: [Vercel AI Gateway](/providers/vercel-ai-gateway)
     - **Cloudflare AI Gateway**: prompts for Account ID, Gateway ID, and `CLOUDFLARE_AI_GATEWAY_API_KEY`.
     - More detail: [Cloudflare AI Gateway](/providers/cloudflare-ai-gateway)
-    - **MiniMax M2.1**: config is auto-written.
+    - **MiniMax M2.5**: config is auto-written.
     - More detail: [MiniMax](/providers/minimax)
     - **Synthetic (Anthropic-compatible)**: prompts for `SYNTHETIC_API_KEY`.
     - More detail: [Synthetic](/providers/synthetic)
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ For a high-level overview, see [Onboarding Wizard](/start/wizard).
     - **Kimi Coding**: config is auto-written.
     - More detail: [Moonshot AI (Kimi + Kimi Coding)](/providers/moonshot)
     - **Skip**: no auth configured yet.
-    - Pick a default model from detected options (or enter provider/model manually).
+    - Pick a default model from detected options (or enter provider/model manually). For best quality and lower prompt-injection risk, choose the strongest latest-generation model available in your provider stack.
     - Wizard runs a model check and warns if the configured model is unknown or missing auth.
     - API key storage mode defaults to plaintext auth-profile values. Use `--secret-input-mode ref` to store env-backed refs instead (for example `keyRef: { source: "env", provider: "default", id: "OPENAI_API_KEY" }`).
     - OAuth credentials live in `~/.openclaw/credentials/oauth.json`; auth profiles live in `~/.openclaw/agents/<agentId>/agent/auth-profiles.json` (API keys + OAuth).

docs/start/wizard-cli-reference.md

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ What you set:
 ## Auth and model options
 
 <AccordionGroup>
-  <Accordion title="Anthropic API key (recommended)">
+  <Accordion title="Anthropic API key">
     Uses `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY` if present or prompts for a key, then saves it for daemon use.
   </Accordion>
   <Accordion title="Anthropic OAuth (Claude Code CLI)">
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ What you set:
     Prompts for account ID, gateway ID, and `CLOUDFLARE_AI_GATEWAY_API_KEY`.
     More detail: [Cloudflare AI Gateway](/providers/cloudflare-ai-gateway).
   </Accordion>
-  <Accordion title="MiniMax M2.1">
+  <Accordion title="MiniMax M2.5">
     Config is auto-written.
     More detail: [MiniMax](/providers/minimax).
   </Accordion>

docs/start/wizard.md

@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ The wizard starts with **QuickStart** (defaults) vs **Advanced** (full control).
 
 **Local mode (default)** walks you through these steps:
 
-1. **Model/Auth** — Anthropic API key (recommended), OpenAI, or Custom Provider
+1. **Model/Auth** — choose any supported provider/auth flow (API key, OAuth, or setup-token), including Custom Provider
    (OpenAI-compatible, Anthropic-compatible, or Unknown auto-detect). Pick a default model.
-   Security note: if this agent will run tools or process webhook/hooks content, prefer a strong modern model tier and keep tool policy strict. Weaker model tiers are easier to prompt-inject.
+   Security note: if this agent will run tools or process webhook/hooks content, prefer the strongest latest-generation model available and keep tool policy strict. Weaker/older tiers are easier to prompt-inject.
    For non-interactive runs, `--secret-input-mode ref` stores env-backed refs in auth profiles instead of plaintext API key values.
    In non-interactive `ref` mode, the provider env var must be set; passing inline key flags without that env var fails fast.
    In interactive runs, choosing secret reference mode lets you point at either an environment variable or a configured provider ref (`file` or `exec`), with a fast preflight validation before saving.

extensions/minimax-portal-auth/index.ts

@@ -85,13 +85,13 @@ function createOAuthHandler(region: MiniMaxRegion) {
                 api: "anthropic-messages",
                 models: [
                   buildModelDefinition({
-                    id: "MiniMax-M2.1",
-                    name: "MiniMax M2.1",
+                    id: "MiniMax-M2.5",
+                    name: "MiniMax M2.5",
                     input: ["text"],
                   }),
                   buildModelDefinition({
-                    id: "MiniMax-M2.5",
-                    name: "MiniMax M2.5",
+                    id: "MiniMax-M2.5-Lightning",
+                    name: "MiniMax M2.5 Lightning",
                     input: ["text"],
                     reasoning: true,
                   }),
@@ -102,8 +102,10 @@ function createOAuthHandler(region: MiniMaxRegion) {
           agents: {
             defaults: {
               models: {
-                [modelRef("MiniMax-M2.1")]: { alias: "minimax-m2.1" },
                 [modelRef("MiniMax-M2.5")]: { alias: "minimax-m2.5" },
+                [modelRef("MiniMax-M2.5-Lightning")]: {
+                  alias: "minimax-m2.5-lightning",
+                },
               },
             },
           },

src/agents/live-model-filter.ts

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ const CODEX_MODELS = [
 ];
 const GOOGLE_PREFIXES = ["gemini-3"];
 const ZAI_PREFIXES = ["glm-5", "glm-4.7", "glm-4.7-flash", "glm-4.7-flashx"];
-const MINIMAX_PREFIXES = ["minimax-m2.1", "minimax-m2.5"];
+const MINIMAX_PREFIXES = ["minimax-m2.5", "minimax-m2.5"];
 const XAI_PREFIXES = ["grok-4"];
 
 function matchesPrefix(id: string, prefixes: string[]): boolean {

src/agents/minimax.live.test.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { isTruthyEnvValue } from "../infra/env.js";
 
 const MINIMAX_KEY = process.env.MINIMAX_API_KEY ?? "";
 const MINIMAX_BASE_URL = process.env.MINIMAX_BASE_URL?.trim() || "https://api.minimax.io/anthropic";
-const MINIMAX_MODEL = process.env.MINIMAX_MODEL?.trim() || "MiniMax-M2.1";
+const MINIMAX_MODEL = process.env.MINIMAX_MODEL?.trim() || "MiniMax-M2.5";
 const LIVE = isTruthyEnvValue(process.env.MINIMAX_LIVE_TEST) || isTruthyEnvValue(process.env.LIVE);
 
 const describeLive = LIVE && MINIMAX_KEY ? describe : describe.skip;

src/agents/model-compat.test.ts

@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ describe("normalizeModelCompat", () => {
 
 describe("isModernModelRef", () => {
   it("excludes opencode minimax variants from modern selection", () => {
-    expect(isModernModelRef({ provider: "opencode", id: "minimax-m2.1" })).toBe(false);
+    expect(isModernModelRef({ provider: "opencode", id: "minimax-m2.5" })).toBe(false);
     expect(isModernModelRef({ provider: "opencode", id: "minimax-m2.5" })).toBe(false);
   });
 

src/agents/models-config.fills-missing-provider-apikey-from-env-var.test.ts

@@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ describe("models-config", () => {
                 api: "anthropic-messages",
                 models: [
                   {
-                    id: "MiniMax-M2.1",
-                    name: "MiniMax M2.1",
+                    id: "MiniMax-M2.5",
+                    name: "MiniMax M2.5",
                     reasoning: false,
                     input: ["text"],
                     cost: { input: 0, output: 0, cacheRead: 0, cacheWrite: 0 },

src/agents/models-config.providers.ts

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ type ModelsConfig = NonNullable<OpenClawConfig["models"]>;
 export type ProviderConfig = NonNullable<ModelsConfig["providers"]>[string];
 
 const MINIMAX_PORTAL_BASE_URL = "https://api.minimax.io/anthropic";
-const MINIMAX_DEFAULT_MODEL_ID = "MiniMax-M2.1";
+const MINIMAX_DEFAULT_MODEL_ID = "MiniMax-M2.5";
 const MINIMAX_DEFAULT_VISION_MODEL_ID = "MiniMax-VL-01";
 const MINIMAX_DEFAULT_CONTEXT_WINDOW = 200000;
 const MINIMAX_DEFAULT_MAX_TOKENS = 8192;
@@ -585,16 +585,6 @@ function buildMinimaxProvider(): ProviderConfig {
     api: "anthropic-messages",
     authHeader: true,
     models: [
-      buildMinimaxTextModel({
-        id: MINIMAX_DEFAULT_MODEL_ID,
-        name: "MiniMax M2.1",
-        reasoning: false,
-      }),
-      buildMinimaxTextModel({
-        id: "MiniMax-M2.1-lightning",
-        name: "MiniMax M2.1 Lightning",
-        reasoning: false,
-      }),
       buildMinimaxModel({
         id: MINIMAX_DEFAULT_VISION_MODEL_ID,
         name: "MiniMax VL 01",
@@ -623,12 +613,12 @@ function buildMinimaxPortalProvider(): ProviderConfig {
     models: [
       buildMinimaxTextModel({
         id: MINIMAX_DEFAULT_MODEL_ID,
-        name: "MiniMax M2.1",
-        reasoning: false,
+        name: "MiniMax M2.5",
+        reasoning: true,
       }),
       buildMinimaxTextModel({
-        id: "MiniMax-M2.5",
-        name: "MiniMax M2.5",
+        id: "MiniMax-M2.5-Lightning",
+        name: "MiniMax M2.5 Lightning",
         reasoning: true,
       }),
     ],

src/agents/models-config.skips-writing-models-json-no-env-token.test.ts

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ describe("models-config", () => {
         providerKey: "minimax",
         expectedBaseUrl: "https://api.minimax.io/anthropic",
         expectedApiKeyRef: "MINIMAX_API_KEY",
-        expectedModelIds: ["MiniMax-M2.1", "MiniMax-VL-01"],
+        expectedModelIds: ["MiniMax-M2.5", "MiniMax-VL-01"],
       });
     });
   });
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ describe("models-config", () => {
         providerKey: "synthetic",
         expectedBaseUrl: "https://api.synthetic.new/anthropic",
         expectedApiKeyRef: "SYNTHETIC_API_KEY",
-        expectedModelIds: ["hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1"],
+        expectedModelIds: ["hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5"],
       });
     });
   });

src/agents/openclaw-tools.subagents.sessions-spawn.model.test.ts

@@ -199,11 +199,11 @@ describe("openclaw-tools: subagents (sessions_spawn model + thinking)", () => {
     await expectSpawnUsesConfiguredModel({
       config: {
         session: { mainKey: "main", scope: "per-sender" },
-        agents: { defaults: { subagents: { model: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" } } },
+        agents: { defaults: { subagents: { model: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" } } },
       },
       runId: "run-default-model",
       callId: "call-default-model",
-      expectedModel: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1",
+      expectedModel: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5",
     });
   });
 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ describe("openclaw-tools: subagents (sessions_spawn model + thinking)", () => {
       config: {
         session: { mainKey: "main", scope: "per-sender" },
         agents: {
-          defaults: { subagents: { model: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" } },
+          defaults: { subagents: { model: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" } },
           list: [{ id: "research", subagents: { model: "opencode/claude" } }],
         },
       },
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ describe("openclaw-tools: subagents (sessions_spawn model + thinking)", () => {
       config: {
         session: { mainKey: "main", scope: "per-sender" },
         agents: {
-          defaults: { model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" } },
+          defaults: { model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" } },
           list: [{ id: "research", model: { primary: "opencode/claude" } }],
         },
       },

src/agents/pi-embedded-runner-extraparams.test.ts

@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ describe("applyExtraParamsToAgent", () => {
       agent,
       undefined,
       "siliconflow",
-      "Pro/MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1",
+      "Pro/MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5",
       undefined,
       "off",
     );
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ describe("applyExtraParamsToAgent", () => {
     const model = {
       api: "openai-completions",
       provider: "siliconflow",
-      id: "Pro/MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1",
+      id: "Pro/MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5",
     } as Model<"openai-completions">;
     const context: Context = { messages: [] };
     void agent.streamFn?.(model, context, {});

src/agents/synthetic-models.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type { ModelDefinitionConfig } from "../config/types.js";
 
 export const SYNTHETIC_BASE_URL = "https://api.synthetic.new/anthropic";
-export const SYNTHETIC_DEFAULT_MODEL_ID = "hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.1";
+export const SYNTHETIC_DEFAULT_MODEL_ID = "hf:MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2.5";
 export const SYNTHETIC_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF = `synthetic/${SYNTHETIC_DEFAULT_MODEL_ID}`;
 export const SYNTHETIC_DEFAULT_COST = {
   input: 0,
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export const SYNTHETIC_DEFAULT_COST = {
 export const SYNTHETIC_MODEL_CATALOG = [
   {
     id: SYNTHETIC_DEFAULT_MODEL_ID,
-    name: "MiniMax M2.1",
+    name: "MiniMax M2.5",
     reasoning: false,
     input: ["text"],
     contextWindow: 192000,

src/agents/tools/image-tool.test.ts

@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ function createMinimaxImageConfig(): OpenClawConfig {
   return {
     agents: {
       defaults: {
-        model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" },
+        model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" },
         imageModel: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-VL-01" },
       },
     },
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ describe("image tool implicit imageModel config", () => {
       vi.stubEnv("OPENAI_API_KEY", "openai-test");
       vi.stubEnv("ANTHROPIC_API_KEY", "anthropic-test");
       const cfg: OpenClawConfig = {
-        agents: { defaults: { model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" } } },
+        agents: { defaults: { model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" } } },
       };
       expect(resolveImageModelConfigForTool({ cfg, agentDir })).toEqual({
         primary: "minimax/MiniMax-VL-01",
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ describe("image tool implicit imageModel config", () => {
       const cfg: OpenClawConfig = {
         agents: {
           defaults: {
-            model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" },
+            model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" },
             imageModel: { primary: "openai/gpt-5-mini" },
           },
         },
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ describe("image tool implicit imageModel config", () => {
 
     vi.stubEnv("OPENAI_API_KEY", "openai-test");
     const cfg: OpenClawConfig = {
-      agents: { defaults: { model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" } } },
+      agents: { defaults: { model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" } } },
     };
     const tool = requireImageTool(createImageTool({ config: cfg, agentDir, sandbox }));
 
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ describe("image tool implicit imageModel config", () => {
     const cfg: OpenClawConfig = {
       agents: {
         defaults: {
-          model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" },
+          model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" },
           imageModel: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-VL-01" },
         },
       },
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ describe("image tool MiniMax VLM routing", () => {
     const agentDir = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "openclaw-minimax-vlm-"));
     vi.stubEnv("MINIMAX_API_KEY", "minimax-test");
     const cfg: OpenClawConfig = {
-      agents: { defaults: { model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" } } },
+      agents: { defaults: { model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" } } },
     };
     const tool = requireImageTool(createImageTool({ config: cfg, agentDir }));
     return { fetch, tool };

src/agents/venice-models.ts

@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ export const VENICE_MODEL_CATALOG = [
   },
   {
     id: "minimax-m21",
-    name: "MiniMax M2.1 (via Venice)",
+    name: "MiniMax M2.5 (via Venice)",
     reasoning: true,
     input: ["text"],
     contextWindow: 202752,

src/auto-reply/reply.directive.directive-behavior.defaults-think-low-reasoning-capable-models-no.test.ts

@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ describe("directive behavior", () => {
             primary: "anthropic/claude-opus-4-5",
             fallbacks: ["openai/gpt-4.1-mini"],
           },
-          imageModel: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" },
+          imageModel: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" },
           models: undefined,
         },
       });
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ describe("directive behavior", () => {
           models: {
             "anthropic/claude-opus-4-5": {},
             "openai/gpt-4.1-mini": {},
-            "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1": { alias: "minimax" },
+            "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5": { alias: "minimax" },
           },
         },
         extra: {
@@ -216,14 +216,14 @@ describe("directive behavior", () => {
               minimax: {
                 baseUrl: "https://api.minimax.io/anthropic",
                 api: "anthropic-messages",
-                models: [{ id: "MiniMax-M2.1", name: "MiniMax M2.1" }],
+                models: [{ id: "MiniMax-M2.5", name: "MiniMax M2.5" }],
               },
             },
           },
         },
       });
       expect(configOnlyProviderText).toContain("Models (minimax");
-      expect(configOnlyProviderText).toContain("minimax/MiniMax-M2.1");
+      expect(configOnlyProviderText).toContain("minimax/MiniMax-M2.5");
 
       const missingAuthText = await runModelDirectiveText(home, "/model list", {
         defaults: {

src/auto-reply/reply.directive.directive-behavior.prefers-alias-matches-fuzzy-selection-is-ambiguous.test.ts

@@ -119,12 +119,12 @@ describe("directive behavior", () => {
           config: {
             agents: {
               defaults: {
-                model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" },
+                model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" },
                 workspace: path.join(home, "openclaw"),
                 models: {
-                  "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1": {},
-                  "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1-lightning": {},
-                  "lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32": {},
+                  "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5": {},
+                  "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5-Lightning": {},
+                  "lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32": {},
                 },
               },
             },
@@ -135,29 +135,29 @@ describe("directive behavior", () => {
                   baseUrl: "https://api.minimax.io/anthropic",
                   apiKey: "sk-test",
                   api: "anthropic-messages",
-                  models: [makeModelDefinition("MiniMax-M2.1", "MiniMax M2.1")],
+                  models: [makeModelDefinition("MiniMax-M2.5", "MiniMax M2.5")],
                 },
                 lmstudio: {
                   baseUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:1234/v1",
                   apiKey: "lmstudio",
                   api: "openai-responses",
-                  models: [makeModelDefinition("minimax-m2.1-gs32", "MiniMax M2.1 GS32")],
+                  models: [makeModelDefinition("minimax-m2.5-gs32", "MiniMax M2.5 GS32")],
                 },
               },
             },
           },
         },
         {
-          body: "/model minimax/m2.1",
+          body: "/model minimax/m2.5",
           storePath: path.join(home, "sessions-provider-fuzzy.json"),
           config: {
             agents: {
               defaults: {
-                model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1" },
+                model: { primary: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5" },
                 workspace: path.join(home, "openclaw"),
                 models: {
-                  "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1": {},
-                  "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1-lightning": {},
+                  "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5": {},
+                  "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5-Lightning": {},
                 },
               },
             },
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@ describe("directive behavior", () => {
                   apiKey: "sk-test",
                   api: "anthropic-messages",
                   models: [
-                    makeModelDefinition("MiniMax-M2.1", "MiniMax M2.1"),
-                    makeModelDefinition("MiniMax-M2.1-lightning", "MiniMax M2.1 Lightning"),
+                    makeModelDefinition("MiniMax-M2.5", "MiniMax M2.5"),
+                    makeModelDefinition("MiniMax-M2.5-Lightning", "MiniMax M2.5 Lightning"),
                   ],
                 },
               },

src/auto-reply/reply.triggers.trigger-handling.test-harness.ts

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ const modelCatalogMocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
     { provider: "openai", id: "gpt-4.1-mini", name: "GPT-4.1 mini" },
     { provider: "openai", id: "gpt-5.2", name: "GPT-5.2" },
     { provider: "openai-codex", id: "gpt-5.2", name: "GPT-5.2 (Codex)" },
-    { provider: "minimax", id: "MiniMax-M2.1", name: "MiniMax M2.1" },
+    { provider: "minimax", id: "MiniMax-M2.5", name: "MiniMax M2.5" },
   ]),
   resetModelCatalogCacheForTest: vi.fn(),
 }));

src/auto-reply/reply/session.test.ts

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ vi.mock("../../agents/session-write-lock.js", () => ({
 
 vi.mock("../../agents/model-catalog.js", () => ({
   loadModelCatalog: vi.fn(async () => [
-    { provider: "minimax", id: "m2.1", name: "M2.1" },
+    { provider: "minimax", id: "m2.5", name: "M2.5" },
     { provider: "openai", id: "gpt-4o-mini", name: "GPT-4o mini" },
   ]),
 }));
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ describe("applyResetModelOverride", () => {
     });
 
     expect(sessionEntry.providerOverride).toBe("minimax");
-    expect(sessionEntry.modelOverride).toBe("m2.1");
+    expect(sessionEntry.modelOverride).toBe("m2.5");
     expect(sessionCtx.BodyStripped).toBe("summarize");
   });
 

src/commands/auth-choice.apply.minimax.ts

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ export async function applyAuthChoiceMiniMax(
 
   if (params.authChoice === "minimax") {
     await applyProviderDefaultModel({
-      defaultModel: "lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32",
+      defaultModel: "lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32",
       applyDefaultConfig: applyMinimaxConfig,
       applyProviderConfig: applyMinimaxProviderConfig,
     });

src/commands/auth-choice.test.ts

@@ -1230,7 +1230,7 @@ describe("applyAuthChoice", () => {
         profileId: "minimax-portal:default",
         baseUrl: "https://api.minimax.io/anthropic",
         api: "anthropic-messages",
-        defaultModel: "minimax-portal/MiniMax-M2.1",
+        defaultModel: "minimax-portal/MiniMax-M2.5",
         apiKey: "minimax-oauth",
         selectValue: "oauth",
       },

src/commands/configure.gateway-auth.prompt-auth-config.test.ts

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ function createApplyAuthChoiceConfig(includeMinimaxProvider = false) {
                 minimax: {
                   baseUrl: "https://api.minimax.io/anthropic",
                   api: "anthropic-messages",
-                  models: [{ id: "MiniMax-M2.1", name: "MiniMax M2.1" }],
+                  models: [{ id: "MiniMax-M2.5", name: "MiniMax M2.5" }],
                 },
               }
             : {}),
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe("promptAuthConfig", () => {
       "minimax/minimax-m2.5:free",
     ]);
     expect(result.models?.providers?.minimax?.models?.map((model) => model.id)).toEqual([
-      "MiniMax-M2.1",
+      "MiniMax-M2.5",
     ]);
   });
 });

src/commands/onboard-auth.config-core.ts

@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ export function applySyntheticProviderConfig(cfg: OpenClawConfig): OpenClawConfi
   const models = { ...cfg.agents?.defaults?.models };
   models[SYNTHETIC_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF] = {
     ...models[SYNTHETIC_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF],
-    alias: models[SYNTHETIC_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF]?.alias ?? "MiniMax M2.1",
+    alias: models[SYNTHETIC_DEFAULT_MODEL_REF]?.alias ?? "MiniMax M2.5",
   };
 
   const providers = { ...cfg.models?.providers };

src/commands/onboard-auth.config-minimax.ts

@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ export function applyMinimaxProviderConfig(cfg: OpenClawConfig): OpenClawConfig
     ...models["anthropic/claude-opus-4-6"],
     alias: models["anthropic/claude-opus-4-6"]?.alias ?? "Opus",
   };
-  models["lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32"] = {
-    ...models["lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32"],
-    alias: models["lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32"]?.alias ?? "Minimax",
+  models["lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32"] = {
+    ...models["lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32"],
+    alias: models["lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32"]?.alias ?? "Minimax",
   };
 
   const providers = { ...cfg.models?.providers };
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ export function applyMinimaxProviderConfig(cfg: OpenClawConfig): OpenClawConfig
       api: "openai-responses",
       models: [
         buildMinimaxModelDefinition({
-          id: "minimax-m2.1-gs32",
-          name: "MiniMax M2.1 GS32",
+          id: "minimax-m2.5-gs32",
+          name: "MiniMax M2.5 GS32",
           reasoning: false,
           cost: MINIMAX_LM_STUDIO_COST,
           contextWindow: 196608,
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ export function applyMinimaxHostedProviderConfig(
 
 export function applyMinimaxConfig(cfg: OpenClawConfig): OpenClawConfig {
   const next = applyMinimaxProviderConfig(cfg);
-  return applyAgentDefaultModelPrimary(next, "lmstudio/minimax-m2.1-gs32");
+  return applyAgentDefaultModelPrimary(next, "lmstudio/minimax-m2.5-gs32");
 }
 
 export function applyMinimaxHostedConfig(

src/commands/onboard-auth.models.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export {
 export const DEFAULT_MINIMAX_BASE_URL = "https://api.minimax.io/v1";
 export const MINIMAX_API_BASE_URL = "https://api.minimax.io/anthropic";
 export const MINIMAX_CN_API_BASE_URL = "https://api.minimaxi.com/anthropic";
-export const MINIMAX_HOSTED_MODEL_ID = "MiniMax-M2.1";
+export const MINIMAX_HOSTED_MODEL_ID = "MiniMax-M2.5";
 export const MINIMAX_HOSTED_MODEL_REF = `minimax/${MINIMAX_HOSTED_MODEL_ID}`;
 export const DEFAULT_MINIMAX_CONTEXT_WINDOW = 200000;
 export const DEFAULT_MINIMAX_MAX_TOKENS = 8192;
@@ -89,11 +89,6 @@ export const ZAI_DEFAULT_COST = {
 };
 
 const MINIMAX_MODEL_CATALOG = {
-  "MiniMax-M2.1": { name: "MiniMax M2.1", reasoning: false },
-  "MiniMax-M2.1-lightning": {
-    name: "MiniMax M2.1 Lightning",
-    reasoning: false,
-  },
   "MiniMax-M2.5": { name: "MiniMax M2.5", reasoning: true },
   "MiniMax-M2.5-Lightning": { name: "MiniMax M2.5 Lightning", reasoning: true },
 } as const;

src/commands/onboard-auth.test.ts

@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ describe("applyMinimaxApiConfig", () => {
   });
 
   it("does not set reasoning for non-reasoning models", () => {
-    const cfg = applyMinimaxApiConfig({}, "MiniMax-M2.1");
+    const cfg = applyMinimaxApiConfig({}, "MiniMax-M2.5");
     expect(cfg.models?.providers?.minimax?.models[0]?.reasoning).toBe(false);
   });
 
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ describe("applyMinimaxApiConfig", () => {
         agents: {
           defaults: {
             models: {
-              "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1": {
+              "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5": {
                 alias: "MiniMax",
                 params: { custom: "value" },
               },
@@ -389,9 +389,9 @@ describe("applyMinimaxApiConfig", () => {
           },
         },
       },
-      "MiniMax-M2.1",
+      "MiniMax-M2.5",
     );
-    expect(cfg.agents?.defaults?.models?.["minimax/MiniMax-M2.1"]).toMatchObject({
+    expect(cfg.agents?.defaults?.models?.["minimax/MiniMax-M2.5"]).toMatchObject({
       alias: "Minimax",
       params: { custom: "value" },
     });
@@ -514,8 +514,8 @@ describe("primary model defaults", () => {
   it("sets correct primary model", () => {
     const configCases = [
       {
-        getConfig: () => applyMinimaxApiConfig({}, "MiniMax-M2.1-lightning"),
-        primaryModel: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1-lightning",
+        getConfig: () => applyMinimaxApiConfig({}, "MiniMax-M2.5-Lightning"),
+        primaryModel: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5-Lightning",
       },
       {
         getConfig: () => applyZaiConfig({}, { modelId: "glm-5" }),
@@ -645,8 +645,8 @@ describe("provider alias defaults", () => {
   it("adds expected alias for provider defaults", () => {
     const aliasCases = [
       {
-        applyConfig: () => applyMinimaxApiConfig({}, "MiniMax-M2.1"),
-        modelRef: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.1",
+        applyConfig: () => applyMinimaxApiConfig({}, "MiniMax-M2.5"),
+        modelRef: "minimax/MiniMax-M2.5",
         alias: "Minimax",
       },
       {

src/config/config.identity-defaults.test.ts

@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ describe("config identity defaults", () => {
               api: "anthropic-messages",
               models: [
                 {
-                  id: "MiniMax-M2.1",
-                  name: "MiniMax M2.1",
+                  id: "MiniMax-M2.5",
+                  name: "MiniMax M2.5",
                   reasoning: false,
                   input: ["text"],
                   cost: {

src/infra/provider-usage.test.ts

@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ describe("provider usage loading", () => {
             remains_time: 600,
             current_interval_total_count: 120,
             current_interval_usage_count: 30,
-            model_name: "MiniMax-M2.1",
+            model_name: "MiniMax-M2.5",
           },
         ],
       },

src/tui/tui-session-actions.test.ts

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ describe("tui session actions", () => {
       sessions: [
         {
           key: "agent:main:main",
-          model: "Minimax-M2.1",
+          model: "Minimax-M2.5",
           modelProvider: "minimax",
         },
       ],
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ describe("tui session actions", () => {
 
     await second;
 
-    expect(state.sessionInfo.model).toBe("Minimax-M2.1");
+    expect(state.sessionInfo.model).toBe("Minimax-M2.5");
     expect(updateAutocompleteProvider).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
     expect(updateFooter).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
     expect(requestRender).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);

src/utils/provider-utils.ts

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export function isReasoningTagProvider(provider: string | undefined | null): boo
     return true;
   }
 
-  // Handle Minimax (M2.1 is chatty/reasoning-like)
+  // Handle Minimax (M2.5 is chatty/reasoning-like)
   if (normalized.includes("minimax")) {
     return true;
   }