fix: add CJK error patterns to failover classification (#56242)

* fix: add CJK error patterns to failover classification

Chinese LLM providers (ZhipuAI/GLM, Bailian, Kimi/Moonshot, DeepSeek,
etc.) return error messages in Chinese. The existing failover
classification only matches English patterns, causing these errors to
fall through as unclassified — surfacing raw provider errors to users
instead of triggering model fallback.

Real production example: ZhipuAI error code 1234 returns
'网络错误，错误id：xxx，请联系客服。' (network error). This was not
matched by the existing 'network error' English pattern, so no failover
was triggered despite having a configured fallback model.

Changes:
- Add Chinese patterns to all error categories in failover-matches.ts:
  timeout, serverError, rateLimit, billing, auth, overloaded
- Add Chinese network error detection in formatTransportErrorCopy()
  for user-friendly error messages
- Add comprehensive test coverage for all CJK error categories

Follows the existing precedent set by Chinese context overflow patterns
in isContextOverflowError().

* fix: narrow billing pattern and fix placeholder issue URL

- Change '账户余额' to '账户余额不足' to avoid false positives on
  messages that merely mention account balance (per greptile review)
- Replace XXXXX placeholder with actual issue #56242

* fix: wire CJK auth failover patterns

* fix: classify CJK provider failover errors

* fix: place failover changelog entry in unreleased

---------

Co-authored-by: Altay <altay@uinaf.dev>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Zalo Personal: persist refreshed `zca-js` session cookies after QR login, session restore, and successful API calls so gateway restarts restore the freshest local session. (#73277) Thanks @darkamenosa.
 - Logging/security: redact sensitive tokens (sk-\* keys, Bearer/Authorization values, etc.) at the subsystem console sink so `createSubsystemLogger().info/warn/error` output that bypasses the patched console-capture handler still applies the same redaction the file transport already does. Fixes #73284; refs #67953 and #64046. Thanks @edwin-rivera-dev.
 - Plugins/runtime deps: reuse enclosing versioned cache roots when bundled plugins resolve from nested staged paths, so plugin-runtime-deps no longer mints `openclaw-unknown-*` directories or loops on `ENOTEMPTY`. Fixes #72956. (#73205) Thanks @SymbolStar.
+- Agents/failover: classify CJK provider transport, quota, billing, auth, and overload error text so Chinese-language provider failures trigger fallback and user-facing transport copy instead of surfacing as unclassified raw errors. (#56242) Thanks @tomcatzh.
 
 ## 2026.4.27
 

src/agents/failover-error.test.ts

@@ -602,6 +602,33 @@ describe("failover-error", () => {
     ).toBe("rate_limit");
   });
 
+  it("treats Chinese provider network/server errors as timeout for failover", () => {
+    // ZhipuAI/GLM error code 1234: "网络错误" — real production error
+    expect(
+      resolveFailoverReasonFromError({
+        message:
+          "LLM error 1234: 网络错误，错误id：202603281427587491f4467f1c4712，请联系客服。 (request_id: 202603281427587491f4467f1c4712)",
+      }),
+    ).toBe("timeout");
+    // JSON payload variant
+    expect(
+      resolveFailoverReasonFromError({
+        message:
+          '{"error":{"code":"1234","message":"网络错误，错误id：abc123，请联系客服。"},"request_id":"abc123"}',
+      }),
+    ).toBe("timeout");
+    // Generic Chinese server errors
+    expect(resolveFailoverReasonFromError({ message: "系统错误，请稍后重试" })).toBe("timeout");
+    expect(resolveFailoverReasonFromError({ message: "服务器内部错误" })).toBe("timeout");
+  });
+
+  it("treats Chinese provider auth errors as auth for failover", () => {
+    // ZhipuAI/GLM 403: "您无权访问glm-5.1" — real production error
+    expect(resolveFailoverReasonFromError({ message: "403 您无权访问glm-5.1。" })).toBe("auth");
+    expect(resolveFailoverReasonFromError({ message: "认证失败" })).toBe("auth");
+    expect(resolveFailoverReasonFromError({ message: "鉴权失败，请检查API Key" })).toBe("auth");
+  });
+
   it("treats overloaded provider payloads as overloaded", () => {
     expect(
       resolveFailoverReasonFromError({

src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers.isbillingerrormessage.test.ts

@@ -1266,6 +1266,62 @@ describe("classifyFailoverReason", () => {
       ),
     ).toBe("auth_permanent");
   });
+
+  it("classifies Chinese provider error messages correctly", () => {
+    // ZhipuAI/GLM error code 1234: "网络错误" (network error) — real production error
+    // from https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/issues/56242
+    expect(
+      classifyFailoverReason(
+        "LLM error 1234: 网络错误，错误id：202603281427587491f4467f1c4712，请联系客服。 (request_id: 202603281427587491f4467f1c4712)",
+      ),
+    ).toBe("timeout");
+    expect(
+      classifyFailoverReason(
+        '{"error":{"code":"1234","message":"网络错误，错误id：abc123，请联系客服。"},"request_id":"abc123"}',
+      ),
+    ).toBe("timeout");
+
+    // Network/connection errors
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("网络异常，请稍后重试")).toBe("timeout");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("连接超时")).toBe("timeout");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("请求超时，请重试")).toBe("timeout");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("服务暂时不可用")).toBe("timeout");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("连接错误")).toBe("timeout");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("服务繁忙，请稍后再试")).toBe("timeout");
+
+    // Server errors
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("内部错误")).toBe("timeout");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("服务器错误")).toBe("timeout");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("服务器内部错误")).toBe("timeout");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("系统错误，请稍后重试")).toBe("timeout");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("系统繁忙")).toBe("timeout");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("系统异常")).toBe("timeout");
+
+    // Rate limit errors
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("请求过于频繁，请稍后重试")).toBe("rate_limit");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("调用频率超限")).toBe("rate_limit");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("频率限制")).toBe("rate_limit");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("配额不足")).toBe("rate_limit");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("配额已用尽")).toBe("rate_limit");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("额度不足，请充值")).toBe("rate_limit");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("额度已用尽")).toBe("rate_limit");
+
+    // Billing errors
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("余额不足，请充值")).toBe("billing");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("账户余额不足")).toBe("billing");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("账户已欠费")).toBe("billing");
+
+    // Auth errors
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("无权访问该模型")).toBe("auth");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("403 您无权访问glm-5.1。")).toBe("auth");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("认证失败")).toBe("auth");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("鉴权失败，请检查API Key")).toBe("auth");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("密钥无效")).toBe("auth");
+
+    // Overloaded errors
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("服务过载，请稍后重试")).toBe("overloaded");
+    expect(classifyFailoverReason("当前负载过高")).toBe("overloaded");
+  });
 });
 
 describe("classifyProviderRuntimeFailureKind", () => {

src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers/failover-matches.ts

@@ -40,6 +40,14 @@ const COMMON_AUTH_ERROR_PATTERNS = [
   /\bfailed to (?:extract|parse|validate|decode)\b.*\btoken\b/,
 ] as const satisfies readonly ErrorPattern[];
 
+const CJK_AUTH_ERROR_PATTERNS = [
+  "无权访问",
+  "认证失败",
+  "鉴权失败",
+  "密钥无效",
+  "apikey 无效",
+] as const satisfies readonly ErrorPattern[];
+
 const ZAI_BILLING_CODE_1311_RE = /"code"\s*:\s*1311\b/;
 const ZAI_AUTH_CODE_1113_RE = /"code"\s*:\s*1113\b/;
 const STATUS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR_RE = /\bstatus:\s*internal server error\b/i;
@@ -69,6 +77,14 @@ const ERROR_PATTERNS = {
     /\btpm\b/i,
     "tokens per minute",
     "tokens per day",
+    // Chinese provider rate-limit messages
+    "请求过于频繁",
+    "调用频率",
+    "频率限制",
+    "配额不足",
+    "配额已用尽",
+    "额度不足",
+    "额度已用尽",
   ],
   overloaded: [
     /overloaded_error|"type"\s*:\s*"overloaded_error"/i,
@@ -79,6 +95,9 @@ const ERROR_PATTERNS = {
     // provider-overload (#32828).
     /service[_ ]unavailable.*(?:overload|capacity|high[_ ]demand)|(?:overload|capacity|high[_ ]demand).*service[_ ]unavailable/i,
     "high demand",
+    // Chinese provider overloaded messages
+    "服务过载",
+    "当前负载过高",
   ],
   serverError: [
     "an error occurred while processing",
@@ -92,6 +111,13 @@ const ERROR_PATTERNS = {
     "upstream error",
     "upstream connect error",
     "connection reset",
+    // Chinese provider server error messages
+    "内部错误",
+    "服务器错误",
+    "服务器内部错误",
+    "系统错误",
+    "系统繁忙",
+    "系统异常",
   ],
   timeout: [
     "timeout",
@@ -106,6 +132,14 @@ const ERROR_PATTERNS = {
     "network request failed",
     "fetch failed",
     "socket hang up",
+    // Chinese provider error messages (ZhipuAI/GLM, Bailian, Kimi/Moonshot, DeepSeek, etc.)
+    "网络错误",
+    "网络异常",
+    "服务暂时不可用",
+    "服务繁忙",
+    "请求超时",
+    "连接超时",
+    "连接错误",
     /\beconn(?:refused|reset|aborted)\b/i,
     /\benetunreach\b/i,
     /\behostunreach\b/i,
@@ -153,6 +187,11 @@ const ERROR_PATTERNS = {
     /out of extra usage/i,
     /draw from your extra usage/i,
     /extra usage is required(?: for long context requests)?/i,
+    // Chinese provider billing messages
+    "余额不足",
+    "账户余额不足",
+    "欠费",
+    "账户已欠费",
     // Z.ai: error 1311 = model not included in current subscription plan (#48988)
     ZAI_BILLING_CODE_1311_RE,
   ],
@@ -161,6 +200,7 @@ const ERROR_PATTERNS = {
     ...AMBIGUOUS_AUTH_ERROR_PATTERNS,
     ...COMMON_AUTH_ERROR_PATTERNS,
     ...ZAI_AUTH_ERROR_PATTERNS,
+    ...CJK_AUTH_ERROR_PATTERNS,
   ],
   format: [
     "string should match pattern",
@@ -245,6 +285,7 @@ export function isAuthErrorMessage(raw: string): boolean {
     AMBIGUOUS_AUTH_ERROR_PATTERNS,
     COMMON_AUTH_ERROR_PATTERNS,
     ZAI_AUTH_ERROR_PATTERNS,
+    CJK_AUTH_ERROR_PATTERNS,
   ]);
 }
 

src/agents/pi-embedded-helpers/sanitize-user-facing-text.ts

@@ -159,6 +159,10 @@ export function formatTransportErrorCopy(raw: string): string | undefined {
     return "LLM request failed: network connection error.";
   }
 
+  if (raw.includes("网络错误") || raw.includes("网络异常") || raw.includes("连接错误")) {
+    return "LLM request failed: provider reported a network error.";
+  }
+
   return undefined;
 }