refactor(macos): dedupe UI, pairing, and runtime helpers

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/AgentWorkspaceConfig.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum AgentWorkspaceConfig {
+    static func workspace(from root: [String: Any]) -> String? {
+        let agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any]
+        let defaults = agents?["defaults"] as? [String: Any]
+        return defaults?["workspace"] as? String
+    }
+
+    static func setWorkspace(in root: inout [String: Any], workspace: String?) {
+        var agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
+        var defaults = agents["defaults"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
+        let trimmed = workspace?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
+        if trimmed.isEmpty {
+            defaults.removeValue(forKey: "workspace")
+        } else {
+            defaults["workspace"] = trimmed
+        }
+        if defaults.isEmpty {
+            agents.removeValue(forKey: "defaults")
+        } else {
+            agents["defaults"] = defaults
+        }
+        if agents.isEmpty {
+            root.removeValue(forKey: "agents")
+        } else {
+            root["agents"] = agents
+        }
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/AudioInputDeviceObserver.swift

@@ -9,21 +9,7 @@ final class AudioInputDeviceObserver {
     private var defaultInputListener: AudioObjectPropertyListenerBlock?
 
     static func defaultInputDeviceUID() -> String? {
-        let systemObject = AudioObjectID(kAudioObjectSystemObject)
-        var address = AudioObjectPropertyAddress(
-            mSelector: kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultInputDevice,
-            mScope: kAudioObjectPropertyScopeGlobal,
-            mElement: kAudioObjectPropertyElementMain)
-        var deviceID = AudioObjectID(0)
-        var size = UInt32(MemoryLayout<AudioObjectID>.size)
-        let status = AudioObjectGetPropertyData(
-            systemObject,
-            &address,
-            0,
-            nil,
-            &size,
-            &deviceID)
-        guard status == noErr, deviceID != 0 else { return nil }
+        guard let deviceID = self.defaultInputDeviceID() else { return nil }
         return self.deviceUID(for: deviceID)
     }
 
@@ -63,6 +49,15 @@ final class AudioInputDeviceObserver {
     }
 
     static func defaultInputDeviceSummary() -> String {
+        guard let deviceID = self.defaultInputDeviceID() else {
+            return "defaultInput=unknown"
+        }
+        let uid = self.deviceUID(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
+        let name = self.deviceName(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
+        return "defaultInput=\(name) (\(uid))"
+    }
+
+    private static func defaultInputDeviceID() -> AudioObjectID? {
         let systemObject = AudioObjectID(kAudioObjectSystemObject)
         var address = AudioObjectPropertyAddress(
             mSelector: kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultInputDevice,
@@ -77,12 +72,8 @@ final class AudioInputDeviceObserver {
             nil,
             &size,
             &deviceID)
-        guard status == noErr, deviceID != 0 else {
-            return "defaultInput=unknown"
-        }
-        let uid = self.deviceUID(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
-        let name = self.deviceName(for: deviceID) ?? "unknown"
-        return "defaultInput=\(name) (\(uid))"
+        guard status == noErr, deviceID != 0 else { return nil }
+        return deviceID
     }
 
     func start(onChange: @escaping @Sendable () -> Void) {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CameraCaptureService.swift

@@ -64,45 +64,33 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
 
         try await self.ensureAccess(for: .video)
 
-        let session = AVCaptureSession()
-        session.sessionPreset = .photo
-
-        guard let device = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: deviceId) else {
-            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
-        }
-
-        let input = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: device)
-        guard session.canAddInput(input) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
-        }
-        session.addInput(input)
-
-        let output = AVCapturePhotoOutput()
-        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add photo output")
-        }
-        session.addOutput(output)
-        output.maxPhotoQualityPrioritization = .quality
+        let prepared = try CameraCapturePipelineSupport.preparePhotoSession(
+            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
+                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
+            },
+            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
+            mapSetupError: { setupError in
+                CameraError.captureFailed(setupError.localizedDescription)
+            })
+        let session = prepared.session
+        let device = prepared.device
+        let output = prepared.output
 
         session.startRunning()
         defer { session.stopRunning() }
-        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
+        await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.warmUpCaptureSession()
         await self.waitForExposureAndWhiteBalance(device: device)
         await self.sleepDelayMs(delayMs)
 
-        let settings: AVCapturePhotoSettings = {
-            if output.availablePhotoCodecTypes.contains(.jpeg) {
-                return AVCapturePhotoSettings(format: [AVVideoCodecKey: AVVideoCodecType.jpeg])
-            }
-            return AVCapturePhotoSettings()
-        }()
-        settings.photoQualityPrioritization = .quality
-
         var delegate: PhotoCaptureDelegate?
-        let rawData: Data = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            let d = PhotoCaptureDelegate(cont)
-            delegate = d
-            output.capturePhoto(with: settings, delegate: d)
+        let rawData: Data = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
+            let captureDelegate = PhotoCaptureDelegate(continuation)
+            delegate = captureDelegate
+            output.capturePhoto(
+                with: CameraCapturePipelineSupport.makePhotoSettings(output: output),
+                delegate: captureDelegate)
         }
         withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
 
@@ -135,39 +123,19 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
             try await self.ensureAccess(for: .audio)
         }
 
-        let session = AVCaptureSession()
-        session.sessionPreset = .high
-
-        guard let camera = Self.pickCamera(facing: facing, deviceId: deviceId) else {
-            throw CameraError.cameraUnavailable
-        }
-        let cameraInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: camera)
-        guard session.canAddInput(cameraInput) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add camera input")
-        }
-        session.addInput(cameraInput)
-
-        if includeAudio {
-            guard let mic = AVCaptureDevice.default(for: .audio) else {
-                throw CameraError.microphoneUnavailable
-            }
-            let micInput = try AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: mic)
-            guard session.canAddInput(micInput) else {
-                throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add microphone input")
-            }
-            session.addInput(micInput)
-        }
-
-        let output = AVCaptureMovieFileOutput()
-        guard session.canAddOutput(output) else {
-            throw CameraError.captureFailed("Failed to add movie output")
-        }
-        session.addOutput(output)
-        output.maxRecordedDuration = CMTime(value: Int64(durationMs), timescale: 1000)
-
-        session.startRunning()
+        let prepared = try await CameraCapturePipelineSupport.prepareWarmMovieSession(
+            preferFrontCamera: facing == .front,
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            includeAudio: includeAudio,
+            durationMs: durationMs,
+            pickCamera: { preferFrontCamera, deviceId in
+                Self.pickCamera(facing: preferFrontCamera ? .front : .back, deviceId: deviceId)
+            },
+            cameraUnavailableError: CameraError.cameraUnavailable,
+            mapSetupError: Self.mapMovieSetupError)
+        let session = prepared.session
+        let output = prepared.output
         defer { session.stopRunning() }
-        await Self.warmUpCaptureSession()
 
         let tmpMovURL = FileManager().temporaryDirectory
             .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mov")
@@ -180,7 +148,6 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
             return FileManager().temporaryDirectory
                 .appendingPathComponent("openclaw-camera-\(UUID().uuidString).mp4")
         }()
-
         // Ensure we don't fail exporting due to an existing file.
         try? FileManager().removeItem(at: outputURL)
 
@@ -192,28 +159,12 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
             output.startRecording(to: tmpMovURL, recordingDelegate: d)
         }
         withExtendedLifetime(delegate) {}
-
         try await Self.exportToMP4(inputURL: recordedURL, outputURL: outputURL)
         return (path: outputURL.path, durationMs: durationMs, hasAudio: includeAudio)
     }
 
     private func ensureAccess(for mediaType: AVMediaType) async throws {
-        let status = AVCaptureDevice.authorizationStatus(for: mediaType)
-        switch status {
-        case .authorized:
-            return
-        case .notDetermined:
-            let ok = await withCheckedContinuation(isolation: nil) { cont in
-                AVCaptureDevice.requestAccess(for: mediaType) { granted in
-                    cont.resume(returning: granted)
-                }
-            }
-            if !ok {
-                throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
-            }
-        case .denied, .restricted:
-            throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
-        @unknown default:
+        if !(await CameraAuthorization.isAuthorized(for: mediaType)) {
             throw CameraError.permissionDenied(kind: mediaType == .video ? "Camera" : "Microphone")
         }
     }
@@ -278,6 +229,13 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
         return min(60000, max(250, v))
     }
 
+    private nonisolated static func mapMovieSetupError(_ setupError: CameraSessionConfigurationError) -> CameraError {
+        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.mapMovieSetupError(
+            setupError,
+            microphoneUnavailableError: .microphoneUnavailable,
+            captureFailed: { .captureFailed($0) })
+    }
+
     private nonisolated static func exportToMP4(inputURL: URL, outputURL: URL) async throws {
         let asset = AVURLAsset(url: inputURL)
         guard let export = AVAssetExportSession(asset: asset, presetName: AVAssetExportPresetMediumQuality) else {
@@ -315,11 +273,6 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
         }
     }
 
-    private nonisolated static func warmUpCaptureSession() async {
-        // A short delay after `startRunning()` significantly reduces "blank first frame" captures on some devices.
-        try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 150_000_000) // 150ms
-    }
-
     private func waitForExposureAndWhiteBalance(device: AVCaptureDevice) async {
         let stepNs: UInt64 = 50_000_000
         let maxSteps = 30 // ~1.5s
@@ -338,11 +291,7 @@ actor CameraCaptureService {
     }
 
     private nonisolated static func positionLabel(_ position: AVCaptureDevice.Position) -> String {
-        switch position {
-        case .front: "front"
-        case .back: "back"
-        default: "unspecified"
-        }
+        CameraCapturePipelineSupport.positionLabel(position)
     }
 }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler.swift

@@ -109,40 +109,7 @@ final class CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler: NSObject, WKScriptMessageHandler {
     }
 
     static func isLocalNetworkCanvasURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {
-        guard let scheme = url.scheme?.lowercased(), scheme == "http" || scheme == "https" else {
-            return false
-        }
-        guard let host = url.host?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines), !host.isEmpty else {
-            return false
-        }
-        if host == "localhost" { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".local") { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".ts.net") { return true }
-        if host.hasSuffix(".tailscale.net") { return true }
-        if !host.contains("."), !host.contains(":") { return true }
-        if let ipv4 = Self.parseIPv4(host) {
-            return Self.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ipv4)
-        }
-        return false
-    }
-
-    static func parseIPv4(_ host: String) -> (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)? {
-        let parts = host.split(separator: ".", omittingEmptySubsequences: false)
-        guard parts.count == 4 else { return nil }
-        let bytes: [UInt8] = parts.compactMap { UInt8($0) }
-        guard bytes.count == 4 else { return nil }
-        return (bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], bytes[3])
-    }
-
-    static func isLocalNetworkIPv4(_ ip: (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)) -> Bool {
-        let (a, b, _, _) = ip
-        if a == 10 { return true }
-        if a == 172, (16...31).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
-        if a == 192, b == 168 { return true }
-        if a == 127 { return true }
-        if a == 169, b == 254 { return true }
-        if a == 100, (64...127).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
-        return false
+        LocalNetworkURLSupport.isLocalNetworkHTTPURL(url)
     }
 
     // Formatting helpers live in OpenClawKit (`OpenClawCanvasA2UIAction`).

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasFileWatcher.swift

@@ -1,24 +1,13 @@
 import Foundation
 
-final class CanvasFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
-    private let watcher: CoalescingFSEventsWatcher
+final class CanvasFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable, SimpleFileWatcherOwner {
+    let watcher: SimpleFileWatcher
 
     init(url: URL, onChange: @escaping () -> Void) {
-        self.watcher = CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
+        self.watcher = SimpleFileWatcher(CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
             paths: [url.path],
             queueLabel: "ai.openclaw.canvaswatcher",
-            onChange: onChange)
+            onChange: onChange))
     }
 
-    deinit {
-        self.stop()
-    }
-
-    func start() {
-        self.watcher.start()
-    }
-
-    func stop() {
-        self.watcher.stop()
-    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasWindowController+Testing.swift

@@ -25,11 +25,22 @@ extension CanvasWindowController {
     }
 
     static func _testParseIPv4(_ host: String) -> (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)? {
-        CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler.parseIPv4(host)
+        let parts = host.split(separator: ".", omittingEmptySubsequences: false)
+        guard parts.count == 4 else { return nil }
+        let bytes: [UInt8] = parts.compactMap { UInt8($0) }
+        guard bytes.count == 4 else { return nil }
+        return (bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], bytes[3])
     }
 
     static func _testIsLocalNetworkIPv4(_ ip: (UInt8, UInt8, UInt8, UInt8)) -> Bool {
-        CanvasA2UIActionMessageHandler.isLocalNetworkIPv4(ip)
+        let (a, b, _, _) = ip
+        if a == 10 { return true }
+        if a == 172, (16...31).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
+        if a == 192, b == 168 { return true }
+        if a == 127 { return true }
+        if a == 169, b == 254 { return true }
+        if a == 100, (64...127).contains(Int(b)) { return true }
+        return false
     }
 
     static func _testIsLocalNetworkCanvasURL(_ url: URL) -> Bool {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CanvasWindowController.swift

@@ -274,25 +274,11 @@ final class CanvasWindowController: NSWindowController, WKNavigationDelegate, NS
     }
 
     func applyDebugStatusIfNeeded() {
-        let enabled = self.debugStatusEnabled
-        let title = Self.jsOptionalStringLiteral(self.debugStatusTitle)
-        let subtitle = Self.jsOptionalStringLiteral(self.debugStatusSubtitle)
-        let js = """
-        (() => {
-          try {
-            const api = globalThis.__openclaw;
-            if (!api) return;
-            if (typeof api.setDebugStatusEnabled === 'function') {
-              api.setDebugStatusEnabled(\(enabled ? "true" : "false"));
-            }
-            if (!\(enabled ? "true" : "false")) return;
-            if (typeof api.setStatus === 'function') {
-              api.setStatus(\(title), \(subtitle));
-            }
-          } catch (_) {}
-        })();
-        """
-        self.webView.evaluateJavaScript(js) { _, _ in }
+        WebViewJavaScriptSupport.applyDebugStatus(
+            webView: self.webView,
+            enabled: self.debugStatusEnabled,
+            title: self.debugStatusTitle,
+            subtitle: self.debugStatusSubtitle)
     }
 
     private func loadFile(_ url: URL) {
@@ -302,19 +288,7 @@ final class CanvasWindowController: NSWindowController, WKNavigationDelegate, NS
     }
 
     func eval(javaScript: String) async throws -> String {
-        try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            self.webView.evaluateJavaScript(javaScript) { result, error in
-                if let error {
-                    cont.resume(throwing: error)
-                    return
-                }
-                if let result {
-                    cont.resume(returning: String(describing: result))
-                } else {
-                    cont.resume(returning: "")
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        try await WebViewJavaScriptSupport.evaluateToString(webView: self.webView, javaScript: javaScript)
     }
 
     func snapshot(to outPath: String?) async throws -> String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ChannelsSettings+ChannelState.swift

@@ -9,6 +9,90 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         self.store.snapshot?.decodeChannel(id, as: type)
     }
 
+    private func configuredChannelTint(configured: Bool, running: Bool, hasError: Bool, probeOk: Bool?) -> Color {
+        if !configured { return .secondary }
+        if hasError { return .orange }
+        if probeOk == false { return .orange }
+        if running { return .green }
+        return .orange
+    }
+
+    private func configuredChannelSummary(configured: Bool, running: Bool) -> String {
+        if !configured { return "Not configured" }
+        if running { return "Running" }
+        return "Configured"
+    }
+
+    private func appendProbeDetails(
+        lines: inout [String],
+        probeOk: Bool?,
+        probeStatus: Int?,
+        probeElapsedMs: Double?,
+        probeVersion: String? = nil,
+        probeError: String? = nil,
+        lastProbeAtMs: Double?,
+        lastError: String?)
+    {
+        if let probeOk {
+            if probeOk {
+                if let version = probeVersion, !version.isEmpty {
+                    lines.append("Version \(version)")
+                }
+                if let elapsed = probeElapsedMs {
+                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
+                }
+            } else if let probeError, !probeError.isEmpty {
+                lines.append("Probe error: \(probeError)")
+            } else {
+                let code = probeStatus.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
+                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
+            }
+        }
+        if let last = self.date(fromMs: lastProbeAtMs) {
+            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
+        }
+        if let lastError, !lastError.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("Error: \(lastError)")
+        }
+    }
+
+    private func finishDetails(
+        lines: inout [String],
+        probeOk: Bool?,
+        probeStatus: Int?,
+        probeElapsedMs: Double?,
+        probeVersion: String? = nil,
+        probeError: String? = nil,
+        lastProbeAtMs: Double?,
+        lastError: String?) -> String?
+    {
+        self.appendProbeDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: probeOk,
+            probeStatus: probeStatus,
+            probeElapsedMs: probeElapsedMs,
+            probeVersion: probeVersion,
+            probeError: probeError,
+            lastProbeAtMs: lastProbeAtMs,
+            lastError: lastError)
+        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+    }
+
+    private func finishProbeDetails(
+        lines: inout [String],
+        probe: (ok: Bool?, status: Int?, elapsedMs: Double?),
+        lastProbeAtMs: Double?,
+        lastError: String?) -> String?
+    {
+        self.finishDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: probe.ok,
+            probeStatus: probe.status,
+            probeElapsedMs: probe.elapsedMs,
+            lastProbeAtMs: lastProbeAtMs,
+            lastError: lastError)
+    }
+
     var whatsAppTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("whatsapp", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.WhatsAppStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
@@ -23,51 +107,51 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
     var telegramTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("telegram", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.TelegramStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var discordTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("discord", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.DiscordStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var googlechatTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("googlechat", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.GoogleChatStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var signalTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("signal", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.SignalStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var imessageTint: Color {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("imessage", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.IMessageStatus.self)
         else { return .secondary }
-        if !status.configured { return .secondary }
-        if status.lastError != nil { return .orange }
-        if status.probe?.ok == false { return .orange }
-        if status.running { return .green }
-        return .orange
+        return self.configuredChannelTint(
+            configured: status.configured,
+            running: status.running,
+            hasError: status.lastError != nil,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok)
     }
 
     var whatsAppSummary: String {
@@ -82,41 +166,31 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
     var telegramSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("telegram", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.TelegramStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var discordSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("discord", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.DiscordStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var googlechatSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("googlechat", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.GoogleChatStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var signalSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("signal", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.SignalStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var imessageSummary: String {
         guard let status = self.channelStatus("imessage", as: ChannelsStatusSnapshot.IMessageStatus.self)
         else { return "Checking…" }
-        if !status.configured { return "Not configured" }
-        if status.running { return "Running" }
-        return "Configured"
+        return self.configuredChannelSummary(configured: status.configured, running: status.running)
     }
 
     var whatsAppDetails: String? {
@@ -168,18 +242,15 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
                 if let url = probe.webhook?.url, !url.isEmpty {
                     lines.append("Webhook: \(url)")
                 }
-            } else {
-                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
             }
         }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok,
+            probeStatus: status.probe?.status,
+            probeElapsedMs: nil,
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var discordDetails: String? {
@@ -189,26 +260,17 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         if let source = status.tokenSource {
             lines.append("Token source: \(source)")
         }
-        if let probe = status.probe {
-            if probe.ok {
-                if let name = probe.bot?.username {
-                    lines.append("Bot: @\(name)")
-                }
-                if let elapsed = probe.elapsedMs {
-                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
-                }
-            } else {
-                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
-            }
+        if let name = status.probe?.bot?.username, !name.isEmpty {
+            lines.append("Bot: @\(name)")
         }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishProbeDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probe: (
+                ok: status.probe?.ok,
+                status: status.probe?.status,
+                elapsedMs: status.probe?.elapsedMs),
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var googlechatDetails: String? {
@@ -223,23 +285,14 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
             let label = audience.isEmpty ? audienceType : "\(audienceType) \(audience)"
             lines.append("Audience: \(label)")
         }
-        if let probe = status.probe {
-            if probe.ok {
-                if let elapsed = probe.elapsedMs {
-                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
-                }
-            } else {
-                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
-            }
-        }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishProbeDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probe: (
+                ok: status.probe?.ok,
+                status: status.probe?.status,
+                elapsedMs: status.probe?.elapsedMs),
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var signalDetails: String? {
@@ -247,26 +300,14 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         else { return nil }
         var lines: [String] = []
         lines.append("Base URL: \(status.baseUrl)")
-        if let probe = status.probe {
-            if probe.ok {
-                if let version = probe.version, !version.isEmpty {
-                    lines.append("Version \(version)")
-                }
-                if let elapsed = probe.elapsedMs {
-                    lines.append("Probe \(Int(elapsed))ms")
-                }
-            } else {
-                let code = probe.status.map { String($0) } ?? "unknown"
-                lines.append("Probe failed (\(code))")
-            }
-        }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok,
+            probeStatus: status.probe?.status,
+            probeElapsedMs: status.probe?.elapsedMs,
+            probeVersion: status.probe?.version,
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var imessageDetails: String? {
@@ -279,17 +320,14 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
         if let dbPath = status.dbPath, !dbPath.isEmpty {
             lines.append("DB: \(dbPath)")
         }
-        if let probe = status.probe, !probe.ok {
-            let err = probe.error ?? "probe failed"
-            lines.append("Probe error: \(err)")
-        }
-        if let last = self.date(fromMs: status.lastProbeAt) {
-            lines.append("Last probe \(relativeAge(from: last))")
-        }
-        if let err = status.lastError, !err.isEmpty {
-            lines.append("Error: \(err)")
-        }
-        return lines.isEmpty ? nil : lines.joined(separator: " · ")
+        return self.finishDetails(
+            lines: &lines,
+            probeOk: status.probe?.ok,
+            probeStatus: nil,
+            probeElapsedMs: nil,
+            probeError: status.probe?.error,
+            lastProbeAtMs: status.lastProbeAt,
+            lastError: status.lastError)
     }
 
     var orderedChannels: [ChannelItem] {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ChannelsSettings+View.swift

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
     }
 
     private var sidebar: some View {
-        ScrollView {
+        SettingsSidebarScroll {
             LazyVStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8) {
                 if !self.enabledChannels.isEmpty {
                     self.sidebarSectionHeader("Configured")
@@ -34,14 +34,7 @@ extension ChannelsSettings {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            .padding(.vertical, 10)
-            .padding(.horizontal, 10)
         }
-        .frame(minWidth: 220, idealWidth: 240, maxWidth: 280, maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .topLeading)
-        .background(
-            RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous)
-                .fill(Color(nsColor: .windowBackgroundColor)))
-        .clipShape(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous))
     }
 
     private var detail: some View {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ColorHexSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import SwiftUI
+
+enum ColorHexSupport {
+    static func color(fromHex raw: String?) -> Color? {
+        let trimmed = (raw ?? "").trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }
+        let hex = trimmed.hasPrefix("#") ? String(trimmed.dropFirst()) : trimmed
+        guard hex.count == 6, let value = Int(hex, radix: 16) else { return nil }
+        let r = Double((value >> 16) & 0xFF) / 255.0
+        let g = Double((value >> 8) & 0xFF) / 255.0
+        let b = Double(value & 0xFF) / 255.0
+        return Color(red: r, green: g, blue: b)
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ConfigFileWatcher.swift

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import Foundation
 
-final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
+final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable, SimpleFileWatcherOwner {
     private let url: URL
     private let watchedDir: URL
     private let targetPath: String
     private let targetName: String
-    private let watcher: CoalescingFSEventsWatcher
+    let watcher: SimpleFileWatcher
 
     init(url: URL, onChange: @escaping () -> Void) {
         self.url = url
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
         let watchedDirPath = self.watchedDir.path
         let targetPath = self.targetPath
         let targetName = self.targetName
-        self.watcher = CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
+        self.watcher = SimpleFileWatcher(CoalescingFSEventsWatcher(
             paths: [watchedDirPath],
             queueLabel: "ai.openclaw.configwatcher",
             shouldNotify: { _, eventPaths in
@@ -28,18 +28,7 @@ final class ConfigFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
                 }
                 return false
             },
-            onChange: onChange)
+            onChange: onChange))
     }
 
-    deinit {
-        self.stop()
-    }
-
-    func start() {
-        self.watcher.start()
-    }
-
-    func stop() {
-        self.watcher.stop()
-    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ConfigSettings.swift

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ extension ConfigSettings {
     }
 
     private var sidebar: some View {
-        ScrollView {
+        SettingsSidebarScroll {
             LazyVStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8) {
                 if self.sections.isEmpty {
                     Text("No config sections available.")
@@ -86,14 +86,7 @@ extension ConfigSettings {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            .padding(.vertical, 10)
-            .padding(.horizontal, 10)
         }
-        .frame(minWidth: 220, idealWidth: 240, maxWidth: 280, maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .topLeading)
-        .background(
-            RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous)
-                .fill(Color(nsColor: .windowBackgroundColor)))
-        .clipShape(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous))
     }
 
     private var detail: some View {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ContextMenuCardView.swift

@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@ struct ContextMenuCardView: View {
     private let rows: [SessionRow]
     private let statusText: String?
     private let isLoading: Bool
-    private let paddingTop: CGFloat = 8
-    private let paddingBottom: CGFloat = 8
-    private let paddingTrailing: CGFloat = 10
-    private let paddingLeading: CGFloat = 20
     private let barHeight: CGFloat = 3
 
     init(
@@ -23,45 +19,32 @@ struct ContextMenuCardView: View {
     }
 
     var body: some View {
-        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 6) {
-            HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline) {
-                Text("Context")
-                    .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-                Spacer(minLength: 10)
-                Text(self.subtitle)
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            }
-
-            if let statusText {
-                Text(statusText)
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            } else if self.rows.isEmpty, !self.isLoading {
-                Text("No active sessions")
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            } else {
-                VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 12) {
-                    if self.rows.isEmpty, self.isLoading {
-                        ForEach(0..<2, id: \.self) { _ in
-                            self.placeholderRow
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        ForEach(self.rows) { row in
-                            self.sessionRow(row)
+        MenuHeaderCard(
+            title: "Context",
+            subtitle: self.subtitle,
+            statusText: self.statusText,
+            paddingBottom: 8)
+        {
+            if self.statusText == nil {
+                if self.rows.isEmpty, !self.isLoading {
+                    Text("No active sessions")
+                        .font(.caption)
+                        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                } else {
+                    VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 12) {
+                        if self.rows.isEmpty, self.isLoading {
+                            ForEach(0..<2, id: \.self) { _ in
+                                self.placeholderRow
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            ForEach(self.rows) { row in
+                                self.sessionRow(row)
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
-        .padding(.top, self.paddingTop)
-        .padding(.bottom, self.paddingBottom)
-        .padding(.leading, self.paddingLeading)
-        .padding(.trailing, self.paddingTrailing)
-        .frame(minWidth: 300, maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
-        .transaction { txn in txn.animation = nil }
     }
 
     private var subtitle: String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ControlChannel.swift

@@ -336,16 +336,8 @@ final class ControlChannel {
     }
 
     private func startEventStream() {
-        self.eventTask?.cancel()
-        self.eventTask = Task { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe()
-            for await push in stream {
-                if Task.isCancelled { return }
-                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in
-                    self?.handle(push: push)
-                }
-            }
+        GatewayPushSubscription.restartTask(task: &self.eventTask) { [weak self] push in
+            self?.handle(push: push)
         }
     }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CronJobEditor+Helpers.swift

@@ -258,14 +258,6 @@ extension CronJobEditor {
     }
 
     func formatDuration(ms: Int) -> String {
-        if ms < 1000 { return "\(ms)ms" }
-        let s = Double(ms) / 1000.0
-        if s < 60 { return "\(Int(round(s)))s" }
-        let m = s / 60.0
-        if m < 60 { return "\(Int(round(m)))m" }
-        let h = m / 60.0
-        if h < 48 { return "\(Int(round(h)))h" }
-        let d = h / 24.0
-        return "\(Int(round(d)))d"
+        DurationFormattingSupport.conciseDuration(ms: ms)
     }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CronJobsStore.swift

@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ final class CronJobsStore {
     func start() {
         guard !self.isPreview else { return }
         guard self.eventTask == nil else { return }
-        self.startGatewaySubscription()
+        GatewayPushSubscription.restartTask(task: &self.eventTask) { [weak self] push in
+            self?.handle(push: push)
+        }
         self.pollTask = Task.detached { [weak self] in
             guard let self else { return }
             await self.refreshJobs()
@@ -142,20 +144,6 @@ final class CronJobsStore {
 
     // MARK: - Gateway events
 
-    private func startGatewaySubscription() {
-        self.eventTask?.cancel()
-        self.eventTask = Task { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe()
-            for await push in stream {
-                if Task.isCancelled { return }
-                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in
-                    self?.handle(push: push)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     private func handle(push: GatewayPush) {
         switch push {
         case let .event(evt) where evt.event == "cron":

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/CronSettings+Helpers.swift

@@ -31,15 +31,7 @@ extension CronSettings {
     }
 
     func formatDuration(ms: Int) -> String {
-        if ms < 1000 { return "\(ms)ms" }
-        let s = Double(ms) / 1000.0
-        if s < 60 { return "\(Int(round(s)))s" }
-        let m = s / 60.0
-        if m < 60 { return "\(Int(round(m)))m" }
-        let h = m / 60.0
-        if h < 48 { return "\(Int(round(h)))h" }
-        let d = h / 24.0
-        return "\(Int(round(d)))d"
+        DurationFormattingSupport.conciseDuration(ms: ms)
     }
 
     func nextRunLabel(_ date: Date, now: Date = .init()) -> String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/DevicePairingApprovalPrompter.swift

@@ -55,48 +55,37 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
         }
     }
 
-    private struct PairingResolvedEvent: Codable {
-        let requestId: String
-        let deviceId: String
-        let decision: String
-        let ts: Double
-    }
-
-    private enum PairingResolution: String {
-        case approved
-        case rejected
-    }
+    private typealias PairingResolvedEvent = PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolvedEvent
 
     func start() {
-        guard self.task == nil else { return }
-        self.isStopping = false
-        self.task = Task { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            _ = try? await GatewayConnection.shared.refresh()
-            await self.loadPendingRequestsFromGateway()
-            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe(bufferingNewest: 200)
-            for await push in stream {
-                if Task.isCancelled { return }
-                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in self?.handle(push: push) }
-            }
-        }
+        self.startPushTask()
+    }
+
+    private func startPushTask() {
+        PairingAlertSupport.startPairingPushTask(
+            task: &self.task,
+            isStopping: &self.isStopping,
+            loadPending: self.loadPendingRequestsFromGateway,
+            handlePush: self.handle(push:))
     }
 
     func stop() {
-        self.isStopping = true
-        self.endActiveAlert()
-        self.task?.cancel()
-        self.task = nil
-        self.queue.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
+        self.stopPushTask()
         self.updatePendingCounts()
-        self.isPresenting = false
-        self.activeRequestId = nil
-        self.alertHostWindow?.orderOut(nil)
-        self.alertHostWindow?.close()
-        self.alertHostWindow = nil
         self.resolvedByRequestId.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
     }
 
+    private func stopPushTask() {
+        PairingAlertSupport.stopPairingPrompter(
+            isStopping: &self.isStopping,
+            activeAlert: &self.activeAlert,
+            activeRequestId: &self.activeRequestId,
+            task: &self.task,
+            queue: &self.queue,
+            isPresenting: &self.isPresenting,
+            alertHostWindow: &self.alertHostWindow)
+    }
+
     private func loadPendingRequestsFromGateway() async {
         do {
             let list: PairingList = try await GatewayConnection.shared.requestDecoded(method: .devicePairList)
@@ -127,44 +116,23 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
 
     private func presentAlert(for req: PendingRequest) {
         self.logger.info("presenting device pairing alert requestId=\(req.requestId, privacy: .public)")
-        NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
+        PairingAlertSupport.presentPairingAlert(
+            request: req,
+            requestId: req.requestId,
+            messageText: "Allow device to connect?",
+            informativeText: Self.describe(req),
+            activeAlert: &self.activeAlert,
+            activeRequestId: &self.activeRequestId,
+            alertHostWindow: &self.alertHostWindow,
+            clearActive: self.clearActiveAlert(hostWindow:),
+            onResponse: self.handleAlertResponse)
+    }
 
-        let alert = NSAlert()
-        alert.alertStyle = .warning
-        alert.messageText = "Allow device to connect?"
-        alert.informativeText = Self.describe(req)
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Later")
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Approve")
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Reject")
-        if #available(macOS 11.0, *), alert.buttons.indices.contains(2) {
-            alert.buttons[2].hasDestructiveAction = true
-        }
-
-        self.activeAlert = alert
-        self.activeRequestId = req.requestId
-        let hostWindow = self.requireAlertHostWindow()
-
-        let sheetSize = alert.window.frame.size
-        if let screen = hostWindow.screen ?? NSScreen.main {
-            let bounds = screen.visibleFrame
-            let x = bounds.midX - (sheetSize.width / 2)
-            let sheetOriginY = bounds.midY - (sheetSize.height / 2)
-            let hostY = sheetOriginY + sheetSize.height - hostWindow.frame.height
-            hostWindow.setFrameOrigin(NSPoint(x: x, y: hostY))
-        } else {
-            hostWindow.center()
-        }
-
-        hostWindow.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
-        alert.beginSheetModal(for: hostWindow) { [weak self] response in
-            Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
-                guard let self else { return }
-                self.activeRequestId = nil
-                self.activeAlert = nil
-                await self.handleAlertResponse(response, request: req)
-                hostWindow.orderOut(nil)
-            }
-        }
+    private func clearActiveAlert(hostWindow: NSWindow) {
+        PairingAlertSupport.clearActivePairingAlert(
+            activeAlert: &self.activeAlert,
+            activeRequestId: &self.activeRequestId,
+            hostWindow: hostWindow)
     }
 
     private func handleAlertResponse(_ response: NSApplication.ModalResponse, request: PendingRequest) async {
@@ -206,24 +174,22 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
     }
 
     private func approve(requestId: String) async -> Bool {
-        do {
+        await PairingAlertSupport.approveRequest(
+            requestId: requestId,
+            kind: "device",
+            logger: self.logger)
+        {
             try await GatewayConnection.shared.devicePairApprove(requestId: requestId)
-            self.logger.info("approved device pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            return true
-        } catch {
-            self.logger.error("approve failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            self.logger.error("approve failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
-            return false
         }
     }
 
     private func reject(requestId: String) async {
-        do {
+        await PairingAlertSupport.rejectRequest(
+            requestId: requestId,
+            kind: "device",
+            logger: self.logger)
+        {
             try await GatewayConnection.shared.devicePairReject(requestId: requestId)
-            self.logger.info("rejected device pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-        } catch {
-            self.logger.error("reject failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            self.logger.error("reject failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
         }
     }
 
@@ -231,10 +197,6 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
         PairingAlertSupport.endActiveAlert(activeAlert: &self.activeAlert, activeRequestId: &self.activeRequestId)
     }
 
-    private func requireAlertHostWindow() -> NSWindow {
-        PairingAlertSupport.requireAlertHostWindow(alertHostWindow: &self.alertHostWindow)
-    }
-
     private func handle(push: GatewayPush) {
         switch push {
         case let .event(evt) where evt.event == "device.pair.requested":
@@ -269,8 +231,9 @@ final class DevicePairingApprovalPrompter {
     }
 
     private func handleResolved(_ resolved: PairingResolvedEvent) {
-        let resolution = resolved.decision == PairingResolution.approved.rawValue ? PairingResolution
-            .approved : .rejected
+        let resolution = resolved.decision == PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution.approved.rawValue
+            ? PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution.approved
+            : PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution.rejected
         if let activeRequestId, activeRequestId == resolved.requestId {
             self.resolvedByRequestId.insert(resolved.requestId)
             self.endActiveAlert()

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/DurationFormattingSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum DurationFormattingSupport {
+    static func conciseDuration(ms: Int) -> String {
+        if ms < 1000 { return "\(ms)ms" }
+        let s = Double(ms) / 1000.0
+        if s < 60 { return "\(Int(round(s)))s" }
+        let m = s / 60.0
+        if m < 60 { return "\(Int(round(m)))m" }
+        let h = m / 60.0
+        if h < 48 { return "\(Int(round(h)))h" }
+        let d = h / 24.0
+        return "\(Int(round(d)))d"
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovalsGatewayPrompter.swift

@@ -19,15 +19,13 @@ final class ExecApprovalsGatewayPrompter {
     }
 
     func start() {
-        guard self.task == nil else { return }
-        self.task = Task { [weak self] in
+        SimpleTaskSupport.start(task: &self.task) { [weak self] in
             await self?.run()
         }
     }
 
     func stop() {
-        self.task?.cancel()
-        self.task = nil
+        SimpleTaskSupport.stop(task: &self.task)
     }
 
     private func run() async {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecApprovalsSocket.swift

@@ -73,6 +73,22 @@ private struct ExecHostResponse: Codable {
     var error: ExecHostError?
 }
 
+private func readLineFromHandle(_ handle: FileHandle, maxBytes: Int) throws -> String? {
+    var buffer = Data()
+    while buffer.count < maxBytes {
+        let chunk = try handle.read(upToCount: 4096) ?? Data()
+        if chunk.isEmpty { break }
+        buffer.append(chunk)
+        if buffer.contains(0x0A) { break }
+    }
+    guard let newlineIndex = buffer.firstIndex(of: 0x0A) else {
+        guard !buffer.isEmpty else { return nil }
+        return String(data: buffer, encoding: .utf8)
+    }
+    let lineData = buffer.subdata(in: 0..<newlineIndex)
+    return String(data: lineData, encoding: .utf8)
+}
+
 enum ExecApprovalsSocketClient {
     private struct TimeoutError: LocalizedError {
         var message: String
@@ -159,28 +175,12 @@ enum ExecApprovalsSocketClient {
         payload.append(0x0A)
         try handle.write(contentsOf: payload)
 
-        guard let line = try self.readLine(from: handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
+        guard let line = try readLineFromHandle(handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
               let lineData = line.data(using: .utf8)
         else { return nil }
         let response = try JSONDecoder().decode(ExecApprovalSocketDecision.self, from: lineData)
         return response.decision
     }
-
-    private static func readLine(from handle: FileHandle, maxBytes: Int) throws -> String? {
-        var buffer = Data()
-        while buffer.count < maxBytes {
-            let chunk = try handle.read(upToCount: 4096) ?? Data()
-            if chunk.isEmpty { break }
-            buffer.append(chunk)
-            if buffer.contains(0x0A) { break }
-        }
-        guard let newlineIndex = buffer.firstIndex(of: 0x0A) else {
-            guard !buffer.isEmpty else { return nil }
-            return String(data: buffer, encoding: .utf8)
-        }
-        let lineData = buffer.subdata(in: 0..<newlineIndex)
-        return String(data: lineData, encoding: .utf8)
-    }
 }
 
 @MainActor
@@ -781,7 +781,7 @@ private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {
                 try self.sendApprovalResponse(handle: handle, id: UUID().uuidString, decision: .deny)
                 return
             }
-            guard let line = try self.readLine(from: handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
+            guard let line = try readLineFromHandle(handle, maxBytes: 256_000),
                   let data = line.data(using: .utf8)
             else {
                 return
@@ -815,22 +815,6 @@ private final class ExecApprovalsSocketServer: @unchecked Sendable {
         }
     }
 
-    private func readLine(from handle: FileHandle, maxBytes: Int) throws -> String? {
-        var buffer = Data()
-        while buffer.count < maxBytes {
-            let chunk = try handle.read(upToCount: 4096) ?? Data()
-            if chunk.isEmpty { break }
-            buffer.append(chunk)
-            if buffer.contains(0x0A) { break }
-        }
-        guard let newlineIndex = buffer.firstIndex(of: 0x0A) else {
-            guard !buffer.isEmpty else { return nil }
-            return String(data: buffer, encoding: .utf8)
-        }
-        let lineData = buffer.subdata(in: 0..<newlineIndex)
-        return String(data: lineData, encoding: .utf8)
-    }
-
     private func sendApprovalResponse(
         handle: FileHandle,
         id: String,

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper.swift

@@ -12,19 +12,6 @@ enum ExecCommandToken {
 enum ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper {
     static let maxWrapperDepth = 4
 
-    private static let optionsWithValue = Set([
-        "-u",
-        "--unset",
-        "-c",
-        "--chdir",
-        "-s",
-        "--split-string",
-        "--default-signal",
-        "--ignore-signal",
-        "--block-signal",
-    ])
-    private static let flagOptions = Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-0", "--null"])
-
     private static func isEnvAssignment(_ token: String) -> Bool {
         let pattern = #"^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*=.*"#
         return token.range(of: pattern, options: .regularExpression) != nil
@@ -55,11 +42,11 @@ enum ExecEnvInvocationUnwrapper {
             if token.hasPrefix("-"), token != "-" {
                 let lower = token.lowercased()
                 let flag = lower.split(separator: "=", maxSplits: 1).first.map(String.init) ?? lower
-                if self.flagOptions.contains(flag) {
+                if ExecEnvOptions.flagOnly.contains(flag) {
                     idx += 1
                     continue
                 }
-                if self.optionsWithValue.contains(flag) {
+                if ExecEnvOptions.withValue.contains(flag) {
                     if !lower.contains("=") {
                         expectsOptionValue = true
                     }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecEnvOptions.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum ExecEnvOptions {
+    static let withValue = Set([
+        "-u",
+        "--unset",
+        "-c",
+        "--chdir",
+        "-s",
+        "--split-string",
+        "--default-signal",
+        "--ignore-signal",
+        "--block-signal",
+    ])
+
+    static let flagOnly = Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-0", "--null"])
+
+    static let inlineValuePrefixes = [
+        "-u",
+        "-c",
+        "-s",
+        "--unset=",
+        "--chdir=",
+        "--split-string=",
+        "--default-signal=",
+        "--ignore-signal=",
+        "--block-signal=",
+    ]
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ExecSystemRunCommandValidator.swift

@@ -39,30 +39,6 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
     private static let posixInlineCommandFlags = Set(["-lc", "-c", "--command"])
     private static let powershellInlineCommandFlags = Set(["-c", "-command", "--command"])
 
-    private static let envOptionsWithValue = Set([
-        "-u",
-        "--unset",
-        "-c",
-        "--chdir",
-        "-s",
-        "--split-string",
-        "--default-signal",
-        "--ignore-signal",
-        "--block-signal",
-    ])
-    private static let envFlagOptions = Set(["-i", "--ignore-environment", "-0", "--null"])
-    private static let envInlineValuePrefixes = [
-        "-u",
-        "-c",
-        "-s",
-        "--unset=",
-        "--chdir=",
-        "--split-string=",
-        "--default-signal=",
-        "--ignore-signal=",
-        "--block-signal=",
-    ]
-
     private struct EnvUnwrapResult {
         let argv: [String]
         let usesModifiers: Bool
@@ -113,7 +89,7 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
     }
 
     private static func hasEnvInlineValuePrefix(_ lowerToken: String) -> Bool {
-        self.envInlineValuePrefixes.contains { lowerToken.hasPrefix($0) }
+        ExecEnvOptions.inlineValuePrefixes.contains { lowerToken.hasPrefix($0) }
     }
 
     private static func unwrapEnvInvocationWithMetadata(_ argv: [String]) -> EnvUnwrapResult? {
@@ -148,12 +124,12 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
 
             let lower = token.lowercased()
             let flag = lower.split(separator: "=", maxSplits: 1).first.map(String.init) ?? lower
-            if self.envFlagOptions.contains(flag) {
+                if ExecEnvOptions.flagOnly.contains(flag) {
                 usesModifiers = true
                 idx += 1
                 continue
             }
-            if self.envOptionsWithValue.contains(flag) {
+                if ExecEnvOptions.withValue.contains(flag) {
                 usesModifiers = true
                 if !lower.contains("=") {
                     expectsOptionValue = true
@@ -301,10 +277,15 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
         return current
     }
 
-    private static func resolveInlineCommandTokenIndex(
+    private struct InlineCommandTokenMatch {
+        var tokenIndex: Int
+        var inlineCommand: String?
+    }
+
+    private static func findInlineCommandTokenMatch(
         _ argv: [String],
         flags: Set<String>,
-        allowCombinedC: Bool) -> Int?
+        allowCombinedC: Bool) -> InlineCommandTokenMatch?
     {
         var idx = 1
         while idx < argv.count {
@@ -318,21 +299,35 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
                 break
             }
             if flags.contains(lower) {
-                return idx + 1 < argv.count ? idx + 1 : nil
+                return InlineCommandTokenMatch(tokenIndex: idx, inlineCommand: nil)
             }
             if allowCombinedC, let inlineOffset = self.combinedCommandInlineOffset(token) {
                 let inline = String(token.dropFirst(inlineOffset))
                     .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-                if !inline.isEmpty {
-                    return idx
-                }
-                return idx + 1 < argv.count ? idx + 1 : nil
+                return InlineCommandTokenMatch(
+                    tokenIndex: idx,
+                    inlineCommand: inline.isEmpty ? nil : inline)
             }
             idx += 1
         }
         return nil
     }
 
+    private static func resolveInlineCommandTokenIndex(
+        _ argv: [String],
+        flags: Set<String>,
+        allowCombinedC: Bool) -> Int?
+    {
+        guard let match = self.findInlineCommandTokenMatch(argv, flags: flags, allowCombinedC: allowCombinedC) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        if match.inlineCommand != nil {
+            return match.tokenIndex
+        }
+        let nextIndex = match.tokenIndex + 1
+        return nextIndex < argv.count ? nextIndex : nil
+    }
+
     private static func combinedCommandInlineOffset(_ token: String) -> Int? {
         let chars = Array(token.lowercased())
         guard chars.count >= 2, chars[0] == "-", chars[1] != "-" else {
@@ -371,30 +366,14 @@ enum ExecSystemRunCommandValidator {
         flags: Set<String>,
         allowCombinedC: Bool) -> String?
     {
-        var idx = 1
-        while idx < argv.count {
-            let token = argv[idx].trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-            if token.isEmpty {
-                idx += 1
-                continue
-            }
-            let lower = token.lowercased()
-            if lower == "--" {
-                break
-            }
-            if flags.contains(lower) {
-                return self.trimmedNonEmpty(idx + 1 < argv.count ? argv[idx + 1] : nil)
-            }
-            if allowCombinedC, let inlineOffset = self.combinedCommandInlineOffset(token) {
-                let inline = String(token.dropFirst(inlineOffset))
-                if let inlineValue = self.trimmedNonEmpty(inline) {
-                    return inlineValue
-                }
-                return self.trimmedNonEmpty(idx + 1 < argv.count ? argv[idx + 1] : nil)
-            }
-            idx += 1
+        guard let match = self.findInlineCommandTokenMatch(argv, flags: flags, allowCombinedC: allowCombinedC) else {
+            return nil
         }
-        return nil
+        if let inlineCommand = match.inlineCommand {
+            return inlineCommand
+        }
+        let nextIndex = match.tokenIndex + 1
+        return self.trimmedNonEmpty(nextIndex < argv.count ? argv[nextIndex] : nil)
     }
 
     private static func extractCmdInlineCommand(_ argv: [String]) -> String? {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayDiscoverySelectionSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import OpenClawDiscovery
+
+@MainActor
+enum GatewayDiscoverySelectionSupport {
+    static func applyRemoteSelection(
+        gateway: GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway,
+        state: AppState)
+    {
+        if state.remoteTransport == .direct {
+            state.remoteUrl = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.directUrl(for: gateway) ?? ""
+        } else {
+            state.remoteTarget = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.sshTarget(for: gateway) ?? ""
+        }
+        if let endpoint = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.serviceEndpoint(for: gateway) {
+            OpenClawConfigFile.setRemoteGatewayUrl(
+                host: endpoint.host,
+                port: endpoint.port)
+        } else {
+            OpenClawConfigFile.clearRemoteGatewayUrl()
+        }
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayLaunchAgentManager.swift

@@ -180,25 +180,11 @@ extension GatewayLaunchAgentManager {
     }
 
     private static func parseDaemonJson(from raw: String) -> ParsedDaemonJson? {
-        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        guard let start = trimmed.firstIndex(of: "{"),
-              let end = trimmed.lastIndex(of: "}")
-        else {
-            return nil
-        }
-        let jsonText = String(trimmed[start...end])
-        guard let data = jsonText.data(using: .utf8) else { return nil }
-        guard let object = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [String: Any] else { return nil }
-        return ParsedDaemonJson(text: jsonText, object: object)
+        guard let parsed = JSONObjectExtractionSupport.extract(from: raw) else { return nil }
+        return ParsedDaemonJson(text: parsed.text, object: parsed.object)
     }
 
     private static func summarize(_ text: String) -> String? {
-        let lines = text
-            .split(whereSeparator: \.isNewline)
-            .map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) }
-            .filter { !$0.isEmpty }
-        guard let last = lines.last else { return nil }
-        let normalized = last.replacingOccurrences(of: "\\s+", with: " ", options: .regularExpression)
-        return normalized.count > 200 ? String(normalized.prefix(199)) + "…" : normalized
+        TextSummarySupport.summarizeLastLine(text)
     }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayPushSubscription.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import OpenClawKit
+
+enum GatewayPushSubscription {
+    @MainActor
+    static func consume(
+        bufferingNewest: Int? = nil,
+        onPush: @escaping @MainActor (GatewayPush) -> Void) async
+    {
+        let stream: AsyncStream<GatewayPush> = if let bufferingNewest {
+            await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe(bufferingNewest: bufferingNewest)
+        } else {
+            await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe()
+        }
+
+        for await push in stream {
+            if Task.isCancelled { return }
+            await MainActor.run {
+                onPush(push)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @MainActor
+    static func restartTask(
+        task: inout Task<Void, Never>?,
+        bufferingNewest: Int? = nil,
+        onPush: @escaping @MainActor (GatewayPush) -> Void)
+    {
+        task?.cancel()
+        task = Task {
+            await self.consume(bufferingNewest: bufferingNewest, onPush: onPush)
+        }
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GatewayRemoteConfig.swift

@@ -1,41 +1,7 @@
 import Foundation
-import Network
+import OpenClawKit
 
 enum GatewayRemoteConfig {
-    private static func isLoopbackHost(_ rawHost: String) -> Bool {
-        var host = rawHost
-            .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-            .lowercased()
-            .trimmingCharacters(in: CharacterSet(charactersIn: "[]"))
-        if host.hasSuffix(".") {
-            host.removeLast()
-        }
-        if let zoneIndex = host.firstIndex(of: "%") {
-            host = String(host[..<zoneIndex])
-        }
-        if host.isEmpty {
-            return false
-        }
-        if host == "localhost" || host == "0.0.0.0" || host == "::" {
-            return true
-        }
-
-        if let ipv4 = IPv4Address(host) {
-            return ipv4.rawValue.first == 127
-        }
-        if let ipv6 = IPv6Address(host) {
-            let bytes = Array(ipv6.rawValue)
-            let isV6Loopback = bytes[0..<15].allSatisfy { $0 == 0 } && bytes[15] == 1
-            if isV6Loopback {
-                return true
-            }
-            let isMappedV4 = bytes[0..<10].allSatisfy { $0 == 0 } && bytes[10] == 0xFF && bytes[11] == 0xFF
-            return isMappedV4 && bytes[12] == 127
-        }
-
-        return false
-    }
-
     static func resolveTransport(root: [String: Any]) -> AppState.RemoteTransport {
         guard let gateway = root["gateway"] as? [String: Any],
               let remote = gateway["remote"] as? [String: Any],
@@ -74,7 +40,7 @@ enum GatewayRemoteConfig {
         guard scheme == "ws" || scheme == "wss" else { return nil }
         let host = url.host?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
         guard !host.isEmpty else { return nil }
-        if scheme == "ws", !self.isLoopbackHost(host) {
+        if scheme == "ws", !LoopbackHost.isLoopbackHost(host) {
             return nil
         }
         if scheme == "ws", url.port == nil {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/GeneralSettings.swift

@@ -260,17 +260,7 @@ struct GeneralSettings: View {
                 TextField("user@host[:22]", text: self.$state.remoteTarget)
                     .textFieldStyle(.roundedBorder)
                     .frame(maxWidth: .infinity)
-                Button {
-                    Task { await self.testRemote() }
-                } label: {
-                    if self.remoteStatus == .checking {
-                        ProgressView().controlSize(.small)
-                    } else {
-                        Text("Test remote")
-                    }
-                }
-                .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
-                .disabled(self.remoteStatus == .checking || !canTest)
+                self.remoteTestButton(disabled: !canTest)
             }
             if let validationMessage {
                 Text(validationMessage)
@@ -290,18 +280,8 @@ struct GeneralSettings: View {
                 TextField("wss://gateway.example.ts.net", text: self.$state.remoteUrl)
                     .textFieldStyle(.roundedBorder)
                     .frame(maxWidth: .infinity)
-                Button {
-                    Task { await self.testRemote() }
-                } label: {
-                    if self.remoteStatus == .checking {
-                        ProgressView().controlSize(.small)
-                    } else {
-                        Text("Test remote")
-                    }
-                }
-                .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
-                .disabled(self.remoteStatus == .checking || self.state.remoteUrl
-                    .trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty)
+                self.remoteTestButton(
+                    disabled: self.state.remoteUrl.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty)
             }
             Text(
                 "Direct mode requires wss:// for remote hosts. ws:// is only allowed for localhost/127.0.0.1.")
@@ -311,6 +291,20 @@ struct GeneralSettings: View {
         }
     }
 
+    private func remoteTestButton(disabled: Bool) -> some View {
+        Button {
+            Task { await self.testRemote() }
+        } label: {
+            if self.remoteStatus == .checking {
+                ProgressView().controlSize(.small)
+            } else {
+                Text("Test remote")
+            }
+        }
+        .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
+        .disabled(self.remoteStatus == .checking || disabled)
+    }
+
     private var controlStatusLine: String {
         switch ControlChannel.shared.state {
         case .connected: "Connected"
@@ -672,19 +666,7 @@ extension GeneralSettings {
 
     private func applyDiscoveredGateway(_ gateway: GatewayDiscoveryModel.DiscoveredGateway) {
         MacNodeModeCoordinator.shared.setPreferredGatewayStableID(gateway.stableID)
-
-        if self.state.remoteTransport == .direct {
-            self.state.remoteUrl = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.directUrl(for: gateway) ?? ""
-        } else {
-            self.state.remoteTarget = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.sshTarget(for: gateway) ?? ""
-        }
-        if let endpoint = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.serviceEndpoint(for: gateway) {
-            OpenClawConfigFile.setRemoteGatewayUrl(
-                host: endpoint.host,
-                port: endpoint.port)
-        } else {
-            OpenClawConfigFile.clearRemoteGatewayUrl()
-        }
+        GatewayDiscoverySelectionSupport.applyRemoteSelection(gateway: gateway, state: self.state)
     }
 }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/HoverHUD.swift

@@ -100,17 +100,8 @@ final class HoverHUDController {
             return
         }
 
-        let target = window.frame.offsetBy(dx: 0, dy: 6)
-        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-            context.duration = 0.14
-            context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-            window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
-            window.animator().alphaValue = 0
-        } completionHandler: {
-            Task { @MainActor in
-                window.orderOut(nil)
-                self.model.isVisible = false
-            }
+        OverlayPanelFactory.animateDismissAndHide(window: window, offsetX: 0, offsetY: 6, duration: 0.14) {
+            self.model.isVisible = false
         }
     }
 
@@ -140,15 +131,7 @@ final class HoverHUDController {
         if !self.model.isVisible {
             self.model.isVisible = true
             let start = target.offsetBy(dx: 0, dy: 8)
-            window.setFrame(start, display: true)
-            window.alphaValue = 0
-            window.orderFrontRegardless()
-            NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-                context.duration = 0.18
-                context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-                window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
-                window.animator().alphaValue = 1
-            }
+            OverlayPanelFactory.animatePresent(window: window, from: start, to: target)
         } else {
             window.orderFrontRegardless()
             self.updateWindowFrame(animate: true)
@@ -157,22 +140,10 @@ final class HoverHUDController {
 
     private func ensureWindow() {
         if self.window != nil { return }
-        let panel = NSPanel(
+        let panel = OverlayPanelFactory.makePanel(
             contentRect: NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: self.width, height: self.height),
-            styleMask: [.nonactivatingPanel, .borderless],
-            backing: .buffered,
-            defer: false)
-        panel.isOpaque = false
-        panel.backgroundColor = .clear
-        panel.hasShadow = true
-        panel.level = .statusBar
-        panel.collectionBehavior = [.canJoinAllSpaces, .fullScreenAuxiliary, .transient]
-        panel.hidesOnDeactivate = false
-        panel.isMovable = false
-        panel.isFloatingPanel = true
-        panel.becomesKeyOnlyIfNeeded = true
-        panel.titleVisibility = .hidden
-        panel.titlebarAppearsTransparent = true
+            level: .statusBar,
+            hasShadow: true)
 
         let host = NSHostingView(rootView: HoverHUDView(controller: self))
         host.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
@@ -201,17 +172,7 @@ final class HoverHUDController {
     }
 
     private func updateWindowFrame(animate: Bool = false) {
-        guard let window else { return }
-        let frame = self.targetFrame()
-        if animate {
-            NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-                context.duration = 0.12
-                context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-                window.animator().setFrame(frame, display: true)
-            }
-        } else {
-            window.setFrame(frame, display: true)
-        }
+        OverlayPanelFactory.applyFrame(window: self.window, target: self.targetFrame(), animate: animate)
     }
 
     private func installDismissMonitor() {
@@ -231,10 +192,7 @@ final class HoverHUDController {
     }
 
     private func removeDismissMonitor() {
-        if let monitor = self.dismissMonitor {
-            NSEvent.removeMonitor(monitor)
-            self.dismissMonitor = nil
-        }
+        OverlayPanelFactory.clearGlobalEventMonitor(&self.dismissMonitor)
     }
 }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/InstancesSettings.swift

@@ -43,16 +43,8 @@ struct InstancesSettings: View {
                     .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
             }
             Spacer()
-            if self.store.isLoading {
-                ProgressView()
-            } else {
-                Button {
-                    Task { await self.store.refresh() }
-                } label: {
-                    Label("Refresh", systemImage: "arrow.clockwise")
-                }
-                .buttonStyle(.bordered)
-                .help("Refresh")
+            SettingsRefreshButton(isLoading: self.store.isLoading) {
+                Task { await self.store.refresh() }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -276,7 +268,7 @@ struct InstancesSettings: View {
     }
 
     private func platformIcon(_ raw: String) -> String {
-        let (prefix, _) = self.parsePlatform(raw)
+        let (prefix, _) = PlatformLabelFormatter.parse(raw)
         switch prefix {
         case "macos":
             return "laptopcomputer"
@@ -294,31 +286,7 @@ struct InstancesSettings: View {
     }
 
     private func prettyPlatform(_ raw: String) -> String? {
-        let (prefix, version) = self.parsePlatform(raw)
-        if prefix.isEmpty { return nil }
-        let name: String = switch prefix {
-        case "macos": "macOS"
-        case "ios": "iOS"
-        case "ipados": "iPadOS"
-        case "tvos": "tvOS"
-        case "watchos": "watchOS"
-        default: prefix.prefix(1).uppercased() + prefix.dropFirst()
-        }
-        guard let version, !version.isEmpty else { return name }
-        let parts = version.split(separator: ".").map(String.init)
-        if parts.count >= 2 {
-            return "\(name) \(parts[0]).\(parts[1])"
-        }
-        return "\(name) \(version)"
-    }
-
-    private func parsePlatform(_ raw: String) -> (prefix: String, version: String?) {
-        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        if trimmed.isEmpty { return ("", nil) }
-        let parts = trimmed.split(whereSeparator: { $0 == " " || $0 == "\t" }).map(String.init)
-        let prefix = parts.first?.lowercased() ?? ""
-        let versionToken = parts.dropFirst().first
-        return (prefix, versionToken)
+        PlatformLabelFormatter.pretty(raw)
     }
 
     private func presenceUpdateSourceShortText(_ reason: String) -> String? {
@@ -450,8 +418,8 @@ extension InstancesSettings {
         _ = view.prettyPlatform("ipados 17.1")
         _ = view.prettyPlatform("linux")
         _ = view.prettyPlatform("   ")
-        _ = view.parsePlatform("macOS 14.1")
-        _ = view.parsePlatform(" ")
+        _ = PlatformLabelFormatter.parse("macOS 14.1")
+        _ = PlatformLabelFormatter.parse(" ")
         _ = view.presenceUpdateSourceShortText("self")
         _ = view.presenceUpdateSourceShortText("instances-refresh")
         _ = view.presenceUpdateSourceShortText("seq gap")

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/InstancesStore.swift

@@ -62,14 +62,11 @@ final class InstancesStore {
         self.startCount += 1
         guard self.startCount == 1 else { return }
         guard self.task == nil else { return }
-        self.startGatewaySubscription()
-        self.task = Task.detached { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            await self.refresh()
-            while !Task.isCancelled {
-                try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(self.interval * 1_000_000_000))
-                await self.refresh()
-            }
+        GatewayPushSubscription.restartTask(task: &self.eventTask) { [weak self] push in
+            self?.handle(push: push)
+        }
+        SimpleTaskSupport.startDetachedLoop(task: &self.task, interval: self.interval) { [weak self] in
+            await self?.refresh()
         }
     }
 
@@ -84,20 +81,6 @@ final class InstancesStore {
         self.eventTask = nil
     }
 
-    private func startGatewaySubscription() {
-        self.eventTask?.cancel()
-        self.eventTask = Task { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe()
-            for await push in stream {
-                if Task.isCancelled { return }
-                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in
-                    self?.handle(push: push)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     private func handle(push: GatewayPush) {
         switch push {
         case let .event(evt) where evt.event == "presence":

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/JSONObjectExtractionSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum JSONObjectExtractionSupport {
+    static func extract(from raw: String) -> (text: String, object: [String: Any])? {
+        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        guard let start = trimmed.firstIndex(of: "{"),
+              let end = trimmed.lastIndex(of: "}")
+        else {
+            return nil
+        }
+        let jsonText = String(trimmed[start...end])
+        guard let data = jsonText.data(using: .utf8) else { return nil }
+        guard let object = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [String: Any] else { return nil }
+        return (jsonText, object)
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/Logging/OpenClawLogging.swift

@@ -98,23 +98,42 @@ extension Logger.Message.StringInterpolation {
     }
 }
 
-struct OpenClawOSLogHandler: LogHandler {
-    private let osLogger: os.Logger
-    var metadata: Logger.Metadata = [:]
+private func stringifyLogMetadataValue(_ value: Logger.Metadata.Value) -> String {
+    switch value {
+    case let .string(text):
+        text
+    case let .stringConvertible(value):
+        String(describing: value)
+    case let .array(values):
+        "[" + values.map { stringifyLogMetadataValue($0) }.joined(separator: ",") + "]"
+    case let .dictionary(entries):
+        "{" + entries.map { "\($0.key)=\(stringifyLogMetadataValue($0.value))" }.joined(separator: ",") + "}"
+    }
+}
 
+private protocol AppLogLevelBackedHandler: LogHandler {
+    var metadata: Logger.Metadata { get set }
+}
+
+extension AppLogLevelBackedHandler {
     var logLevel: Logger.Level {
         get { AppLogSettings.logLevel() }
         set { AppLogSettings.setLogLevel(newValue) }
     }
 
-    init(subsystem: String, category: String) {
-        self.osLogger = os.Logger(subsystem: subsystem, category: category)
-    }
-
     subscript(metadataKey key: String) -> Logger.Metadata.Value? {
         get { self.metadata[key] }
         set { self.metadata[key] = newValue }
     }
+}
+
+struct OpenClawOSLogHandler: AppLogLevelBackedHandler {
+    private let osLogger: os.Logger
+    var metadata: Logger.Metadata = [:]
+
+    init(subsystem: String, category: String) {
+        self.osLogger = os.Logger(subsystem: subsystem, category: category)
+    }
 
     func log(
         level: Logger.Level,
@@ -157,39 +176,16 @@ struct OpenClawOSLogHandler: LogHandler {
         guard !metadata.isEmpty else { return message.description }
         let meta = metadata
             .sorted(by: { $0.key < $1.key })
-            .map { "\($0.key)=\(self.stringify($0.value))" }
+            .map { "\($0.key)=\(stringifyLogMetadataValue($0.value))" }
             .joined(separator: " ")
         return "\(message.description) [\(meta)]"
     }
-
-    private static func stringify(_ value: Logger.Metadata.Value) -> String {
-        switch value {
-        case let .string(text):
-            text
-        case let .stringConvertible(value):
-            String(describing: value)
-        case let .array(values):
-            "[" + values.map { self.stringify($0) }.joined(separator: ",") + "]"
-        case let .dictionary(entries):
-            "{" + entries.map { "\($0.key)=\(self.stringify($0.value))" }.joined(separator: ",") + "}"
-        }
-    }
 }
 
-struct OpenClawFileLogHandler: LogHandler {
+struct OpenClawFileLogHandler: AppLogLevelBackedHandler {
     let label: String
     var metadata: Logger.Metadata = [:]
 
-    var logLevel: Logger.Level {
-        get { AppLogSettings.logLevel() }
-        set { AppLogSettings.setLogLevel(newValue) }
-    }
-
-    subscript(metadataKey key: String) -> Logger.Metadata.Value? {
-        get { self.metadata[key] }
-        set { self.metadata[key] = newValue }
-    }
-
     func log(
         level: Logger.Level,
         message: Logger.Message,
@@ -212,21 +208,8 @@ struct OpenClawFileLogHandler: LogHandler {
         ]
         let merged = self.metadata.merging(metadata ?? [:], uniquingKeysWith: { _, new in new })
         for (key, value) in merged {
-            fields["meta.\(key)"] = Self.stringify(value)
+            fields["meta.\(key)"] = stringifyLogMetadataValue(value)
         }
         DiagnosticsFileLog.shared.log(category: category, event: message.description, fields: fields)
     }
-
-    private static func stringify(_ value: Logger.Metadata.Value) -> String {
-        switch value {
-        case let .string(text):
-            text
-        case let .stringConvertible(value):
-            String(describing: value)
-        case let .array(values):
-            "[" + values.map { self.stringify($0) }.joined(separator: ",") + "]"
-        case let .dictionary(entries):
-            "{" + entries.map { "\($0.key)=\(self.stringify($0.value))" }.joined(separator: ",") + "}"
-        }
-    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuBar.swift

@@ -228,17 +228,7 @@ private final class StatusItemMouseHandlerView: NSView {
 
     override func updateTrackingAreas() {
         super.updateTrackingAreas()
-        if let tracking {
-            self.removeTrackingArea(tracking)
-        }
-        let options: NSTrackingArea.Options = [
-            .mouseEnteredAndExited,
-            .activeAlways,
-            .inVisibleRect,
-        ]
-        let area = NSTrackingArea(rect: self.bounds, options: options, owner: self, userInfo: nil)
-        self.addTrackingArea(area)
-        self.tracking = area
+        TrackingAreaSupport.resetMouseTracking(on: self, tracking: &self.tracking, owner: self)
     }
 
     override func mouseEntered(with event: NSEvent) {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuContentView.swift

@@ -170,7 +170,11 @@ struct MenuContent: View {
             await self.loadBrowserControlEnabled()
         }
         .onAppear {
-            self.startMicObserver()
+            MicRefreshSupport.startObserver(self.micObserver) {
+                MicRefreshSupport.schedule(refreshTask: &self.micRefreshTask) {
+                    await self.loadMicrophones(force: true)
+                }
+            }
         }
         .onDisappear {
             self.micRefreshTask?.cancel()
@@ -425,11 +429,7 @@ struct MenuContent: View {
     }
 
     private var voiceWakeBinding: Binding<Bool> {
-        Binding(
-            get: { self.state.swabbleEnabled },
-            set: { newValue in
-                Task { await self.state.setVoiceWakeEnabled(newValue) }
-            })
+        MicRefreshSupport.voiceWakeBinding(for: self.state)
     }
 
     private var showVoiceWakeMicPicker: Bool {
@@ -546,46 +546,20 @@ struct MenuContent: View {
             }
             .map { AudioInputDevice(uid: $0.uniqueID, name: $0.localizedName) }
         self.availableMics = self.filterAliveInputs(self.availableMics)
-        self.updateSelectedMicName()
+        self.state.voiceWakeMicName = MicRefreshSupport.selectedMicName(
+            selectedID: self.state.voiceWakeMicID,
+            in: self.availableMics,
+            uid: \.uid,
+            name: \.name)
         self.loadingMics = false
     }
 
-    private func startMicObserver() {
-        self.micObserver.start {
-            Task { @MainActor in
-                self.scheduleMicRefresh()
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    @MainActor
-    private func scheduleMicRefresh() {
-        self.micRefreshTask?.cancel()
-        self.micRefreshTask = Task { @MainActor in
-            try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 300_000_000)
-            guard !Task.isCancelled else { return }
-            await self.loadMicrophones(force: true)
-        }
-    }
-
     private func filterAliveInputs(_ inputs: [AudioInputDevice]) -> [AudioInputDevice] {
         let aliveUIDs = AudioInputDeviceObserver.aliveInputDeviceUIDs()
         guard !aliveUIDs.isEmpty else { return inputs }
         return inputs.filter { aliveUIDs.contains($0.uid) }
     }
 
-    @MainActor
-    private func updateSelectedMicName() {
-        let selected = self.state.voiceWakeMicID
-        if selected.isEmpty {
-            self.state.voiceWakeMicName = ""
-            return
-        }
-        if let match = self.availableMics.first(where: { $0.uid == selected }) {
-            self.state.voiceWakeMicName = match.name
-        }
-    }
-
     private struct AudioInputDevice: Identifiable, Equatable {
         let uid: String
         let name: String

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuHeaderCard.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import SwiftUI
+
+struct MenuHeaderCard<Content: View>: View {
+    let title: String
+    let subtitle: String
+    let statusText: String?
+    let paddingBottom: CGFloat
+    @ViewBuilder var content: Content
+
+    init(
+        title: String,
+        subtitle: String,
+        statusText: String? = nil,
+        paddingBottom: CGFloat = 6,
+        @ViewBuilder content: () -> Content = { EmptyView() })
+    {
+        self.title = title
+        self.subtitle = subtitle
+        self.statusText = statusText
+        self.paddingBottom = paddingBottom
+        self.content = content()
+    }
+
+    var body: some View {
+        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 6) {
+            HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline) {
+                Text(self.title)
+                    .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                Spacer(minLength: 10)
+                Text(self.subtitle)
+                    .font(.caption)
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+            }
+
+            if let statusText, !statusText.isEmpty {
+                Text(statusText)
+                    .font(.caption)
+                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                    .lineLimit(1)
+                    .truncationMode(.tail)
+            }
+            self.content
+        }
+        .padding(.top, 8)
+        .padding(.bottom, self.paddingBottom)
+        .padding(.leading, 20)
+        .padding(.trailing, 10)
+        .frame(minWidth: 300, maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
+        .transaction { txn in txn.animation = nil }
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuHighlightedHostView.swift

@@ -33,17 +33,7 @@ final class HighlightedMenuItemHostView: NSView {
 
     override func updateTrackingAreas() {
         super.updateTrackingAreas()
-        if let tracking {
-            self.removeTrackingArea(tracking)
-        }
-        let options: NSTrackingArea.Options = [
-            .mouseEnteredAndExited,
-            .activeAlways,
-            .inVisibleRect,
-        ]
-        let area = NSTrackingArea(rect: self.bounds, options: options, owner: self, userInfo: nil)
-        self.addTrackingArea(area)
-        self.tracking = area
+        TrackingAreaSupport.resetMouseTracking(on: self, tracking: &self.tracking, owner: self)
     }
 
     override func mouseEntered(with event: NSEvent) {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuItemHighlightColors.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import SwiftUI
+
+enum MenuItemHighlightColors {
+    struct Palette {
+        let primary: Color
+        let secondary: Color
+    }
+
+    static func primary(_ highlighted: Bool) -> Color {
+        highlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor) : .primary
+    }
+
+    static func secondary(_ highlighted: Bool) -> Color {
+        highlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor).opacity(0.85) : .secondary
+    }
+
+    static func palette(_ highlighted: Bool) -> Palette {
+        Palette(
+            primary: self.primary(highlighted),
+            secondary: self.secondary(highlighted))
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuSessionsHeaderView.swift

@@ -4,37 +4,11 @@ struct MenuSessionsHeaderView: View {
     let count: Int
     let statusText: String?
 
-    private let paddingTop: CGFloat = 8
-    private let paddingBottom: CGFloat = 6
-    private let paddingTrailing: CGFloat = 10
-    private let paddingLeading: CGFloat = 20
-
     var body: some View {
-        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 6) {
-            HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline) {
-                Text("Context")
-                    .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-                Spacer(minLength: 10)
-                Text(self.subtitle)
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            }
-
-            if let statusText, !statusText.isEmpty {
-                Text(statusText)
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-                    .lineLimit(1)
-                    .truncationMode(.tail)
-            }
-        }
-        .padding(.top, self.paddingTop)
-        .padding(.bottom, self.paddingBottom)
-        .padding(.leading, self.paddingLeading)
-        .padding(.trailing, self.paddingTrailing)
-        .frame(minWidth: 300, maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
-        .transaction { txn in txn.animation = nil }
+        MenuHeaderCard(
+            title: "Context",
+            subtitle: self.subtitle,
+            statusText: self.statusText)
     }
 
     private var subtitle: String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MenuUsageHeaderView.swift

@@ -3,29 +3,10 @@ import SwiftUI
 struct MenuUsageHeaderView: View {
     let count: Int
 
-    private let paddingTop: CGFloat = 8
-    private let paddingBottom: CGFloat = 6
-    private let paddingTrailing: CGFloat = 10
-    private let paddingLeading: CGFloat = 20
-
     var body: some View {
-        VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 6) {
-            HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline) {
-                Text("Usage")
-                    .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-                Spacer(minLength: 10)
-                Text(self.subtitle)
-                    .font(.caption)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            }
-        }
-        .padding(.top, self.paddingTop)
-        .padding(.bottom, self.paddingBottom)
-        .padding(.leading, self.paddingLeading)
-        .padding(.trailing, self.paddingTrailing)
-        .frame(minWidth: 300, maxWidth: .infinity, alignment: .leading)
-        .transaction { txn in txn.animation = nil }
+        MenuHeaderCard(
+            title: "Usage",
+            subtitle: self.subtitle)
     }
 
     private var subtitle: String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/MicRefreshSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import Foundation
+import SwiftUI
+
+enum MicRefreshSupport {
+    private static let refreshDelayNs: UInt64 = 300_000_000
+
+    static func startObserver(_ observer: AudioInputDeviceObserver, triggerRefresh: @escaping @MainActor () -> Void) {
+        observer.start {
+            Task { @MainActor in
+                triggerRefresh()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @MainActor
+    static func schedule(
+        refreshTask: inout Task<Void, Never>?,
+        action: @escaping @MainActor () async -> Void)
+    {
+        refreshTask?.cancel()
+        refreshTask = Task { @MainActor in
+            try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: self.refreshDelayNs)
+            guard !Task.isCancelled else { return }
+            await action()
+        }
+    }
+
+    static func selectedMicName<T>(
+        selectedID: String,
+        in devices: [T],
+        uid: KeyPath<T, String>,
+        name: KeyPath<T, String>) -> String
+    {
+        guard !selectedID.isEmpty else { return "" }
+        return devices.first(where: { $0[keyPath: uid] == selectedID })?[keyPath: name] ?? ""
+    }
+
+    @MainActor
+    static func voiceWakeBinding(for state: AppState) -> Binding<Bool> {
+        Binding(
+            get: { state.swabbleEnabled },
+            set: { newValue in
+                Task { await state.setVoiceWakeEnabled(newValue) }
+            })
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/NodeMode/MacNodeLocationService.swift

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import Foundation
 import OpenClawKit
 
 @MainActor
-final class MacNodeLocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
+final class MacNodeLocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate, LocationServiceCommon {
     enum Error: Swift.Error {
         case timeout
         case unavailable
@@ -12,21 +12,18 @@ final class MacNodeLocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
     private let manager = CLLocationManager()
     private var locationContinuation: CheckedContinuation<CLLocation, Swift.Error>?
 
+    var locationManager: CLLocationManager {
+        self.manager
+    }
+
+    var locationRequestContinuation: CheckedContinuation<CLLocation, Swift.Error>? {
+        get { self.locationContinuation }
+        set { self.locationContinuation = newValue }
+    }
+
     override init() {
         super.init()
-        self.manager.delegate = self
-        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = kCLLocationAccuracyBest
-    }
-
-    func authorizationStatus() -> CLAuthorizationStatus {
-        self.manager.authorizationStatus
-    }
-
-    func accuracyAuthorization() -> CLAccuracyAuthorization {
-        if #available(macOS 11.0, *) {
-            return self.manager.accuracyAuthorization
-        }
-        return .fullAccuracy
+        self.configureLocationManager()
     }
 
     func currentLocation(
@@ -37,26 +34,15 @@ final class MacNodeLocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
         guard CLLocationManager.locationServicesEnabled() else {
             throw Error.unavailable
         }
-
-        let now = Date()
-        if let maxAgeMs,
-           let cached = self.manager.location,
-           now.timeIntervalSince(cached.timestamp) * 1000 <= Double(maxAgeMs)
-        {
-            return cached
-        }
-
-        self.manager.desiredAccuracy = Self.accuracyValue(desiredAccuracy)
-        let timeout = max(0, timeoutMs ?? 10000)
-        return try await self.withTimeout(timeoutMs: timeout) {
-            try await self.requestLocation()
-        }
-    }
-
-    private func requestLocation() async throws -> CLLocation {
-        try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { cont in
-            self.locationContinuation = cont
-            self.manager.requestLocation()
+        return try await LocationCurrentRequest.resolve(
+            manager: self.manager,
+            desiredAccuracy: desiredAccuracy,
+            maxAgeMs: maxAgeMs,
+            timeoutMs: timeoutMs,
+            request: { try await self.requestLocationOnce() }) { timeoutMs, operation in
+                try await self.withTimeout(timeoutMs: timeoutMs) {
+                    try await operation()
+                }
         }
     }
 
@@ -103,17 +89,6 @@ final class MacNodeLocationService: NSObject, CLLocationManagerDelegate {
         }
     }
 
-    private static func accuracyValue(_ accuracy: OpenClawLocationAccuracy) -> CLLocationAccuracy {
-        switch accuracy {
-        case .coarse:
-            kCLLocationAccuracyKilometer
-        case .balanced:
-            kCLLocationAccuracyHundredMeters
-        case .precise:
-            kCLLocationAccuracyBest
-        }
-    }
-
     // MARK: - CLLocationManagerDelegate (nonisolated for Swift 6 compatibility)
 
     nonisolated func locationManager(_ manager: CLLocationManager, didUpdateLocations locations: [CLLocation]) {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/NodePairingApprovalPrompter.swift

@@ -68,55 +68,45 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
         }
     }
 
-    private struct PairingResolvedEvent: Codable {
-        let requestId: String
-        let nodeId: String
-        let decision: String
-        let ts: Double
-    }
-
-    private enum PairingResolution: String {
-        case approved
-        case rejected
-    }
+    private typealias PairingResolvedEvent = PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolvedEvent
+    private typealias PairingResolution = PairingAlertSupport.PairingResolution
 
     func start() {
-        guard self.task == nil else { return }
-        self.isStopping = false
         self.reconcileTask?.cancel()
         self.reconcileTask = nil
-        self.task = Task { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            _ = try? await GatewayConnection.shared.refresh()
-            await self.loadPendingRequestsFromGateway()
-            let stream = await GatewayConnection.shared.subscribe(bufferingNewest: 200)
-            for await push in stream {
-                if Task.isCancelled { return }
-                await MainActor.run { [weak self] in self?.handle(push: push) }
-            }
-        }
+        self.startPushTask()
+    }
+
+    private func startPushTask() {
+        PairingAlertSupport.startPairingPushTask(
+            task: &self.task,
+            isStopping: &self.isStopping,
+            loadPending: self.loadPendingRequestsFromGateway,
+            handlePush: self.handle(push:))
     }
 
     func stop() {
-        self.isStopping = true
-        self.endActiveAlert()
-        self.task?.cancel()
-        self.task = nil
+        self.stopPushTask()
         self.reconcileTask?.cancel()
         self.reconcileTask = nil
         self.reconcileOnceTask?.cancel()
         self.reconcileOnceTask = nil
-        self.queue.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
         self.updatePendingCounts()
-        self.isPresenting = false
-        self.activeRequestId = nil
-        self.alertHostWindow?.orderOut(nil)
-        self.alertHostWindow?.close()
-        self.alertHostWindow = nil
         self.remoteResolutionsByRequestId.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
         self.autoApproveAttempts.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
     }
 
+    private func stopPushTask() {
+        PairingAlertSupport.stopPairingPrompter(
+            isStopping: &self.isStopping,
+            activeAlert: &self.activeAlert,
+            activeRequestId: &self.activeRequestId,
+            task: &self.task,
+            queue: &self.queue,
+            isPresenting: &self.isPresenting,
+            alertHostWindow: &self.alertHostWindow)
+    }
+
     private func loadPendingRequestsFromGateway() async {
         // The gateway process may start slightly after the app. Retry a bit so
         // pending pairing prompts are still shown on launch.
@@ -235,10 +225,6 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
         PairingAlertSupport.endActiveAlert(activeAlert: &self.activeAlert, activeRequestId: &self.activeRequestId)
     }
 
-    private func requireAlertHostWindow() -> NSWindow {
-        PairingAlertSupport.requireAlertHostWindow(alertHostWindow: &self.alertHostWindow)
-    }
-
     private func handle(push: GatewayPush) {
         switch push {
         case let .event(evt) where evt.event == "node.pair.requested":
@@ -293,47 +279,23 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
 
     private func presentAlert(for req: PendingRequest) {
         self.logger.info("presenting node pairing alert requestId=\(req.requestId, privacy: .public)")
-        NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
+        PairingAlertSupport.presentPairingAlert(
+            request: req,
+            requestId: req.requestId,
+            messageText: "Allow node to connect?",
+            informativeText: Self.describe(req),
+            activeAlert: &self.activeAlert,
+            activeRequestId: &self.activeRequestId,
+            alertHostWindow: &self.alertHostWindow,
+            clearActive: self.clearActiveAlert(hostWindow:),
+            onResponse: self.handleAlertResponse)
+    }
 
-        let alert = NSAlert()
-        alert.alertStyle = .warning
-        alert.messageText = "Allow node to connect?"
-        alert.informativeText = Self.describe(req)
-        // Fail-safe ordering: if the dialog can't be presented, default to "Later".
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Later")
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Approve")
-        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Reject")
-        if #available(macOS 11.0, *), alert.buttons.indices.contains(2) {
-            alert.buttons[2].hasDestructiveAction = true
-        }
-
-        self.activeAlert = alert
-        self.activeRequestId = req.requestId
-        let hostWindow = self.requireAlertHostWindow()
-
-        // Position the hidden host window so the sheet appears centered on screen.
-        // (Sheets attach to the top edge of their parent window; if the parent is tiny, it looks "anchored".)
-        let sheetSize = alert.window.frame.size
-        if let screen = hostWindow.screen ?? NSScreen.main {
-            let bounds = screen.visibleFrame
-            let x = bounds.midX - (sheetSize.width / 2)
-            let sheetOriginY = bounds.midY - (sheetSize.height / 2)
-            let hostY = sheetOriginY + sheetSize.height - hostWindow.frame.height
-            hostWindow.setFrameOrigin(NSPoint(x: x, y: hostY))
-        } else {
-            hostWindow.center()
-        }
-
-        hostWindow.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
-        alert.beginSheetModal(for: hostWindow) { [weak self] response in
-            Task { @MainActor [weak self] in
-                guard let self else { return }
-                self.activeRequestId = nil
-                self.activeAlert = nil
-                await self.handleAlertResponse(response, request: req)
-                hostWindow.orderOut(nil)
-            }
-        }
+    private func clearActiveAlert(hostWindow: NSWindow) {
+        PairingAlertSupport.clearActivePairingAlert(
+            activeAlert: &self.activeAlert,
+            activeRequestId: &self.activeRequestId,
+            hostWindow: hostWindow)
     }
 
     private func handleAlertResponse(_ response: NSApplication.ModalResponse, request: PendingRequest) async {
@@ -373,24 +335,22 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
     }
 
     private func approve(requestId: String) async -> Bool {
-        do {
+        await PairingAlertSupport.approveRequest(
+            requestId: requestId,
+            kind: "node",
+            logger: self.logger)
+        {
             try await GatewayConnection.shared.nodePairApprove(requestId: requestId)
-            self.logger.info("approved node pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            return true
-        } catch {
-            self.logger.error("approve failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            self.logger.error("approve failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
-            return false
         }
     }
 
     private func reject(requestId: String) async {
-        do {
+        await PairingAlertSupport.rejectRequest(
+            requestId: requestId,
+            kind: "node",
+            logger: self.logger)
+        {
             try await GatewayConnection.shared.nodePairReject(requestId: requestId)
-            self.logger.info("rejected node pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-        } catch {
-            self.logger.error("reject failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
-            self.logger.error("reject failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
         }
     }
 
@@ -419,8 +379,7 @@ final class NodePairingApprovalPrompter {
     private static func prettyPlatform(_ platform: String?) -> String? {
         let raw = platform?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         guard let raw, !raw.isEmpty else { return nil }
-        if raw.lowercased() == "ios" { return "iOS" }
-        if raw.lowercased() == "macos" { return "macOS" }
+        if let pretty = PlatformLabelFormatter.pretty(raw) { return pretty }
         return raw
     }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/NodeServiceManager.swift

@@ -103,15 +103,9 @@ extension NodeServiceManager {
     }
 
     private static func parseServiceJson(from raw: String) -> ParsedServiceJson? {
-        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        guard let start = trimmed.firstIndex(of: "{"),
-              let end = trimmed.lastIndex(of: "}")
-        else {
-            return nil
-        }
-        let jsonText = String(trimmed[start...end])
-        guard let data = jsonText.data(using: .utf8) else { return nil }
-        guard let object = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [String: Any] else { return nil }
+        guard let parsed = JSONObjectExtractionSupport.extract(from: raw) else { return nil }
+        let jsonText = parsed.text
+        let object = parsed.object
         let ok = object["ok"] as? Bool
         let result = object["result"] as? String
         let message = object["message"] as? String
@@ -139,12 +133,6 @@ extension NodeServiceManager {
     }
 
     private static func summarize(_ text: String) -> String? {
-        let lines = text
-            .split(whereSeparator: \.isNewline)
-            .map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) }
-            .filter { !$0.isEmpty }
-        guard let last = lines.last else { return nil }
-        let normalized = last.replacingOccurrences(of: "\\s+", with: " ", options: .regularExpression)
-        return normalized.count > 200 ? String(normalized.prefix(199)) + "…" : normalized
+        TextSummarySupport.summarizeLastLine(text)
     }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/NodesMenu.swift

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ struct NodeMenuEntryFormatter {
 
     static func platformText(_ entry: NodeInfo) -> String? {
         if let raw = entry.platform?.nonEmpty {
-            return self.prettyPlatform(raw) ?? raw
+            return PlatformLabelFormatter.pretty(raw) ?? raw
         }
         if let family = entry.deviceFamily?.lowercased() {
             if family.contains("mac") { return "macOS" }
@@ -79,34 +79,6 @@ struct NodeMenuEntryFormatter {
         return nil
     }
 
-    private static func prettyPlatform(_ raw: String) -> String? {
-        let (prefix, version) = self.parsePlatform(raw)
-        if prefix.isEmpty { return nil }
-        let name: String = switch prefix {
-        case "macos": "macOS"
-        case "ios": "iOS"
-        case "ipados": "iPadOS"
-        case "tvos": "tvOS"
-        case "watchos": "watchOS"
-        default: prefix.prefix(1).uppercased() + prefix.dropFirst()
-        }
-        guard let version, !version.isEmpty else { return name }
-        let parts = version.split(separator: ".").map(String.init)
-        if parts.count >= 2 {
-            return "\(name) \(parts[0]).\(parts[1])"
-        }
-        return "\(name) \(version)"
-    }
-
-    private static func parsePlatform(_ raw: String) -> (prefix: String, version: String?) {
-        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        if trimmed.isEmpty { return ("", nil) }
-        let parts = trimmed.split(whereSeparator: { $0 == " " || $0 == "\t" }).map(String.init)
-        let prefix = parts.first?.lowercased() ?? ""
-        let versionToken = parts.dropFirst().first
-        return (prefix, versionToken)
-    }
-
     private static func compactVersion(_ raw: String) -> String {
         let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
         guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return trimmed }
@@ -201,12 +173,8 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
     let width: CGFloat
     @Environment(\.menuItemHighlighted) private var isHighlighted
 
-    private var primaryColor: Color {
-        self.isHighlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor) : .primary
-    }
-
-    private var secondaryColor: Color {
-        self.isHighlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor).opacity(0.85) : .secondary
+    private var palette: MenuItemHighlightColors.Palette {
+        MenuItemHighlightColors.palette(self.isHighlighted)
     }
 
     var body: some View {
@@ -216,9 +184,9 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
 
             VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 2) {
                 HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline, spacing: 8) {
-                    Text(NodeMenuEntryFormatter.primaryName(self.entry))
-                        .font(.callout.weight(NodeMenuEntryFormatter.isConnected(self.entry) ? .semibold : .regular))
-                        .foregroundStyle(self.primaryColor)
+                        Text(NodeMenuEntryFormatter.primaryName(self.entry))
+                            .font(.callout.weight(NodeMenuEntryFormatter.isConnected(self.entry) ? .semibold : .regular))
+                            .foregroundStyle(self.palette.primary)
                         .lineLimit(1)
                         .truncationMode(.middle)
                         .layoutPriority(1)
@@ -227,9 +195,9 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
 
                     HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline, spacing: 6) {
                         if let right = NodeMenuEntryFormatter.headlineRight(self.entry) {
-                            Text(right)
-                                .font(.caption.monospacedDigit())
-                                .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
+                                Text(right)
+                                    .font(.caption.monospacedDigit())
+                                    .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
                                 .lineLimit(1)
                                 .truncationMode(.middle)
                                 .layoutPriority(2)
@@ -237,7 +205,7 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
 
                         Image(systemName: "chevron.right")
                             .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                            .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
+                            .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
                             .padding(.leading, 2)
                     }
                 }
@@ -245,7 +213,7 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
                 HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline, spacing: 8) {
                     Text(NodeMenuEntryFormatter.detailLeft(self.entry))
                         .font(.caption)
-                        .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
+                        .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
                         .lineLimit(1)
                         .truncationMode(.middle)
 
@@ -254,7 +222,7 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
                     if let version = NodeMenuEntryFormatter.detailRightVersion(self.entry) {
                         Text(version)
                             .font(.caption.monospacedDigit())
-                            .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
+                            .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
                             .lineLimit(1)
                             .truncationMode(.middle)
                     }
@@ -273,11 +241,11 @@ struct NodeMenuRowView: View {
     private var leadingIcon: some View {
         if NodeMenuEntryFormatter.isAndroid(self.entry) {
             AndroidMark()
-                .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
+                .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
         } else {
             Image(systemName: NodeMenuEntryFormatter.leadingSymbol(self.entry))
                 .font(.system(size: 18, weight: .regular))
-                .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
+                .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
         }
     }
 }
@@ -305,23 +273,19 @@ struct NodeMenuMultilineView: View {
     let width: CGFloat
     @Environment(\.menuItemHighlighted) private var isHighlighted
 
-    private var primaryColor: Color {
-        self.isHighlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor) : .primary
-    }
-
-    private var secondaryColor: Color {
-        self.isHighlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor).opacity(0.85) : .secondary
+    private var palette: MenuItemHighlightColors.Palette {
+        MenuItemHighlightColors.palette(self.isHighlighted)
     }
 
     var body: some View {
         VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
             Text("\(self.label):")
                 .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryColor)
+                .foregroundStyle(self.palette.secondary)
 
             Text(self.value)
                 .font(.caption)
-                .foregroundStyle(self.primaryColor)
+                .foregroundStyle(self.palette.primary)
                 .multilineTextAlignment(.leading)
                 .fixedSize(horizontal: false, vertical: true)
         }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/NodesStore.swift

@@ -54,14 +54,8 @@ final class NodesStore {
     func start() {
         self.startCount += 1
         guard self.startCount == 1 else { return }
-        guard self.task == nil else { return }
-        self.task = Task.detached { [weak self] in
-            guard let self else { return }
-            await self.refresh()
-            while !Task.isCancelled {
-                try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(self.interval * 1_000_000_000))
-                await self.refresh()
-            }
+        SimpleTaskSupport.startDetachedLoop(task: &self.task, interval: self.interval) { [weak self] in
+            await self?.refresh()
         }
     }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/NotifyOverlay.swift

@@ -50,17 +50,8 @@ final class NotifyOverlayController {
         self.dismissTask = nil
         guard let window else { return }
 
-        let target = window.frame.offsetBy(dx: 8, dy: 6)
-        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-            context.duration = 0.16
-            context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-            window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
-            window.animator().alphaValue = 0
-        } completionHandler: {
-            Task { @MainActor in
-                window.orderOut(nil)
-                self.model.isVisible = false
-            }
+        OverlayPanelFactory.animateDismissAndHide(window: window, offsetX: 8, offsetY: 6) {
+            self.model.isVisible = false
         }
     }
 
@@ -70,44 +61,21 @@ final class NotifyOverlayController {
         self.ensureWindow()
         self.hostingView?.rootView = NotifyOverlayView(controller: self)
         let target = self.targetFrame()
-
-        guard let window else { return }
-        if !self.model.isVisible {
-            self.model.isVisible = true
-            let start = target.offsetBy(dx: 0, dy: -6)
-            window.setFrame(start, display: true)
-            window.alphaValue = 0
-            window.orderFrontRegardless()
-            NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-                context.duration = 0.18
-                context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-                window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
-                window.animator().alphaValue = 1
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.updateWindowFrame(animate: true)
-            window.orderFrontRegardless()
+        OverlayPanelFactory.present(
+            window: self.window,
+            isVisible: &self.model.isVisible,
+            target: target) { window in
+                self.updateWindowFrame(animate: true)
+                window.orderFrontRegardless()
         }
     }
 
     private func ensureWindow() {
         if self.window != nil { return }
-        let panel = NSPanel(
+        let panel = OverlayPanelFactory.makePanel(
             contentRect: NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: self.width, height: self.minHeight),
-            styleMask: [.nonactivatingPanel, .borderless],
-            backing: .buffered,
-            defer: false)
-        panel.isOpaque = false
-        panel.backgroundColor = .clear
-        panel.hasShadow = true
-        panel.level = .statusBar
-        panel.collectionBehavior = [.canJoinAllSpaces, .fullScreenAuxiliary, .transient]
-        panel.hidesOnDeactivate = false
-        panel.isMovable = false
-        panel.isFloatingPanel = true
-        panel.becomesKeyOnlyIfNeeded = true
-        panel.titleVisibility = .hidden
-        panel.titlebarAppearsTransparent = true
+            level: .statusBar,
+            hasShadow: true)
 
         let host = NSHostingView(rootView: NotifyOverlayView(controller: self))
         host.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
@@ -126,17 +94,7 @@ final class NotifyOverlayController {
     }
 
     private func updateWindowFrame(animate: Bool = false) {
-        guard let window else { return }
-        let frame = self.targetFrame()
-        if animate {
-            NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-                context.duration = 0.12
-                context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-                window.animator().setFrame(frame, display: true)
-            }
-        } else {
-            window.setFrame(frame, display: true)
-        }
+        OverlayPanelFactory.applyFrame(window: self.window, target: self.targetFrame(), animate: animate)
     }
 
     private func measuredHeight() -> CGFloat {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OnboardingView+Actions.swift

@@ -24,19 +24,7 @@ extension OnboardingView {
         Task { await self.onboardingWizard.cancelIfRunning() }
         self.preferredGatewayID = gateway.stableID
         GatewayDiscoveryPreferences.setPreferredStableID(gateway.stableID)
-
-        if self.state.remoteTransport == .direct {
-            self.state.remoteUrl = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.directUrl(for: gateway) ?? ""
-        } else {
-            self.state.remoteTarget = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.sshTarget(for: gateway) ?? ""
-        }
-        if let endpoint = GatewayDiscoveryHelpers.serviceEndpoint(for: gateway) {
-            OpenClawConfigFile.setRemoteGatewayUrl(
-                host: endpoint.host,
-                port: endpoint.port)
-        } else {
-            OpenClawConfigFile.clearRemoteGatewayUrl()
-        }
+        GatewayDiscoverySelectionSupport.applyRemoteSelection(gateway: gateway, state: self.state)
 
         self.state.connectionMode = .remote
         MacNodeModeCoordinator.shared.setPreferredGatewayStableID(gateway.stableID)

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OnboardingView+Layout.swift

@@ -189,19 +189,7 @@ extension OnboardingView {
     }
 
     func featureRow(title: String, subtitle: String, systemImage: String) -> some View {
-        HStack(alignment: .top, spacing: 12) {
-            Image(systemName: systemImage)
-                .font(.title3.weight(.semibold))
-                .foregroundStyle(Color.accentColor)
-                .frame(width: 26)
-            VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
-                Text(title).font(.headline)
-                Text(subtitle)
-                    .font(.subheadline)
-                    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-            }
-        }
-        .padding(.vertical, 4)
+        self.featureRowContent(title: title, subtitle: subtitle, systemImage: systemImage)
     }
 
     func featureActionRow(
@@ -210,6 +198,22 @@ extension OnboardingView {
         systemImage: String,
         buttonTitle: String,
         action: @escaping () -> Void) -> some View
+    {
+        self.featureRowContent(
+            title: title,
+            subtitle: subtitle,
+            systemImage: systemImage,
+            action: AnyView(
+                Button(buttonTitle, action: action)
+                    .buttonStyle(.link)
+                    .padding(.top, 2)))
+    }
+
+    private func featureRowContent(
+        title: String,
+        subtitle: String,
+        systemImage: String,
+        action: AnyView? = nil) -> some View
     {
         HStack(alignment: .top, spacing: 12) {
             Image(systemName: systemImage)
@@ -221,9 +225,9 @@ extension OnboardingView {
                 Text(subtitle)
                     .font(.subheadline)
                     .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
-                Button(buttonTitle, action: action)
-                    .buttonStyle(.link)
-                    .padding(.top, 2)
+                if let action {
+                    action
+                }
             }
             Spacer(minLength: 0)
         }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OnboardingView+Monitoring.swift

@@ -17,14 +17,9 @@ extension OnboardingView {
     }
 
     func updatePermissionMonitoring(for pageIndex: Int) {
-        let shouldMonitor = pageIndex == self.permissionsPageIndex
-        if shouldMonitor, !self.monitoringPermissions {
-            self.monitoringPermissions = true
-            PermissionMonitor.shared.register()
-        } else if !shouldMonitor, self.monitoringPermissions {
-            self.monitoringPermissions = false
-            PermissionMonitor.shared.unregister()
-        }
+        PermissionMonitoringSupport.setMonitoring(
+            pageIndex == self.permissionsPageIndex,
+            monitoring: &self.monitoringPermissions)
     }
 
     func updateDiscoveryMonitoring(for pageIndex: Int) {
@@ -51,9 +46,7 @@ extension OnboardingView {
     }
 
     func stopPermissionMonitoring() {
-        guard self.monitoringPermissions else { return }
-        self.monitoringPermissions = false
-        PermissionMonitor.shared.unregister()
+        PermissionMonitoringSupport.stopMonitoring(&self.monitoringPermissions)
     }
 
     func stopDiscovery() {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OnboardingView+Workspace.swift

@@ -69,9 +69,7 @@ extension OnboardingView {
 
     private func loadAgentWorkspace() async -> String? {
         let root = await ConfigStore.load()
-        let agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any]
-        let defaults = agents?["defaults"] as? [String: Any]
-        return defaults?["workspace"] as? String
+        return AgentWorkspaceConfig.workspace(from: root)
     }
 
     @discardableResult
@@ -87,24 +85,7 @@ extension OnboardingView {
     @MainActor
     private static func buildAndSaveWorkspace(_ workspace: String?) async -> (Bool, String?) {
         var root = await ConfigStore.load()
-        var agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
-        var defaults = agents["defaults"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
-        let trimmed = workspace?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
-        if trimmed.isEmpty {
-            defaults.removeValue(forKey: "workspace")
-        } else {
-            defaults["workspace"] = trimmed
-        }
-        if defaults.isEmpty {
-            agents.removeValue(forKey: "defaults")
-        } else {
-            agents["defaults"] = defaults
-        }
-        if agents.isEmpty {
-            root.removeValue(forKey: "agents")
-        } else {
-            root["agents"] = agents
-        }
+        AgentWorkspaceConfig.setWorkspace(in: &root, workspace: workspace)
         do {
             try await ConfigStore.save(root)
             return (true, nil)

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OpenClawConfigFile.swift

@@ -127,34 +127,15 @@ enum OpenClawConfigFile {
     }
 
     static func agentWorkspace() -> String? {
-        let root = self.loadDict()
-        let agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any]
-        let defaults = agents?["defaults"] as? [String: Any]
-        return defaults?["workspace"] as? String
+        AgentWorkspaceConfig.workspace(from: self.loadDict())
     }
 
     static func setAgentWorkspace(_ workspace: String?) {
         var root = self.loadDict()
-        var agents = root["agents"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
-        var defaults = agents["defaults"] as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
-        let trimmed = workspace?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
-        if trimmed.isEmpty {
-            defaults.removeValue(forKey: "workspace")
-        } else {
-            defaults["workspace"] = trimmed
-        }
-        if defaults.isEmpty {
-            agents.removeValue(forKey: "defaults")
-        } else {
-            agents["defaults"] = defaults
-        }
-        if agents.isEmpty {
-            root.removeValue(forKey: "agents")
-        } else {
-            root["agents"] = agents
-        }
+        AgentWorkspaceConfig.setWorkspace(in: &root, workspace: workspace)
         self.saveDict(root)
-        self.logger.debug("agents.defaults.workspace updated set=\(!trimmed.isEmpty)")
+        let hasWorkspace = !(workspace?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty ?? true)
+        self.logger.debug("agents.defaults.workspace updated set=\(hasWorkspace)")
     }
 
     static func gatewayPassword() -> String? {
@@ -249,7 +230,7 @@ enum OpenClawConfigFile {
         return url
     }
 
-    private static func hostKey(_ host: String) -> String {
+    static func hostKey(_ host: String) -> String {
         let trimmed = host.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
         guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return "" }
         if trimmed.contains(":") { return trimmed }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/OverlayPanelFactory.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+import AppKit
+import QuartzCore
+
+enum OverlayPanelFactory {
+    @MainActor
+    static func makePanel(
+        contentRect: NSRect,
+        level: NSWindow.Level,
+        hasShadow: Bool,
+        acceptsMouseMovedEvents: Bool = false) -> NSPanel
+    {
+        let panel = NSPanel(
+            contentRect: contentRect,
+            styleMask: [.nonactivatingPanel, .borderless],
+            backing: .buffered,
+            defer: false)
+        panel.isOpaque = false
+        panel.backgroundColor = .clear
+        panel.hasShadow = hasShadow
+        panel.level = level
+        panel.collectionBehavior = [.canJoinAllSpaces, .fullScreenAuxiliary, .transient]
+        panel.hidesOnDeactivate = false
+        panel.isMovable = false
+        panel.isFloatingPanel = true
+        panel.becomesKeyOnlyIfNeeded = true
+        panel.titleVisibility = .hidden
+        panel.titlebarAppearsTransparent = true
+        panel.acceptsMouseMovedEvents = acceptsMouseMovedEvents
+        return panel
+    }
+
+    @MainActor
+    static func animatePresent(window: NSWindow, from start: NSRect, to target: NSRect, duration: TimeInterval = 0.18) {
+        window.setFrame(start, display: true)
+        window.alphaValue = 0
+        window.orderFrontRegardless()
+        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
+            context.duration = duration
+            context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
+            window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
+            window.animator().alphaValue = 1
+        }
+    }
+
+    @MainActor
+    static func animateFrame(window: NSWindow, to frame: NSRect, duration: TimeInterval = 0.12) {
+        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
+            context.duration = duration
+            context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
+            window.animator().setFrame(frame, display: true)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @MainActor
+    static func applyFrame(window: NSWindow?, target: NSRect, animate: Bool) {
+        guard let window else { return }
+        if animate {
+            self.animateFrame(window: window, to: target)
+        } else {
+            window.setFrame(target, display: true)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @MainActor
+    static func present(
+        window: NSWindow?,
+        isVisible: inout Bool,
+        target: NSRect,
+        startOffsetY: CGFloat = -6,
+        onFirstPresent: (() -> Void)? = nil,
+        onAlreadyVisible: (NSWindow) -> Void)
+    {
+        guard let window else { return }
+        if !isVisible {
+            isVisible = true
+            onFirstPresent?()
+            let start = target.offsetBy(dx: 0, dy: startOffsetY)
+            self.animatePresent(window: window, from: start, to: target)
+        } else {
+            onAlreadyVisible(window)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @MainActor
+    static func animateDismiss(
+        window: NSWindow,
+        offsetX: CGFloat = 6,
+        offsetY: CGFloat = 6,
+        duration: TimeInterval = 0.16,
+        completion: @escaping () -> Void)
+    {
+        let target = window.frame.offsetBy(dx: offsetX, dy: offsetY)
+        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
+            context.duration = duration
+            context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
+            window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
+            window.animator().alphaValue = 0
+        } completionHandler: {
+            completion()
+        }
+    }
+
+    @MainActor
+    static func animateDismissAndHide(
+        window: NSWindow,
+        offsetX: CGFloat = 6,
+        offsetY: CGFloat = 6,
+        duration: TimeInterval = 0.16,
+        onHidden: @escaping @MainActor () -> Void)
+    {
+        self.animateDismiss(window: window, offsetX: offsetX, offsetY: offsetY, duration: duration) {
+            Task { @MainActor in
+                window.orderOut(nil)
+                onHidden()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @MainActor
+    static func clearGlobalEventMonitor(_ monitor: inout Any?) {
+        if let current = monitor {
+            NSEvent.removeMonitor(current)
+            monitor = nil
+        }
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/PairingAlertSupport.swift

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import AppKit
+import OpenClawKit
+import OSLog
 
 final class PairingAlertHostWindow: NSWindow {
     override var canBecomeKey: Bool {
@@ -12,6 +14,17 @@ final class PairingAlertHostWindow: NSWindow {
 
 @MainActor
 enum PairingAlertSupport {
+    enum PairingResolution: String {
+        case approved
+        case rejected
+    }
+
+    struct PairingResolvedEvent: Codable {
+        let requestId: String
+        let decision: String
+        let ts: Double
+    }
+
     static func endActiveAlert(activeAlert: inout NSAlert?, activeRequestId: inout String?) {
         guard let alert = activeAlert else { return }
         if let parent = alert.window.sheetParent {
@@ -43,4 +56,189 @@ enum PairingAlertSupport {
         alertHostWindow = window
         return window
     }
+
+    static func configureDefaultPairingAlert(
+        _ alert: NSAlert,
+        messageText: String,
+        informativeText: String)
+    {
+        alert.alertStyle = .warning
+        alert.messageText = messageText
+        alert.informativeText = informativeText
+        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Later")
+        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Approve")
+        alert.addButton(withTitle: "Reject")
+        if #available(macOS 11.0, *), alert.buttons.indices.contains(2) {
+            alert.buttons[2].hasDestructiveAction = true
+        }
+    }
+
+    static func beginCenteredSheet(
+        alert: NSAlert,
+        hostWindow: NSWindow,
+        completionHandler: @escaping (NSApplication.ModalResponse) -> Void)
+    {
+        let sheetSize = alert.window.frame.size
+        if let screen = hostWindow.screen ?? NSScreen.main {
+            let bounds = screen.visibleFrame
+            let x = bounds.midX - (sheetSize.width / 2)
+            let sheetOriginY = bounds.midY - (sheetSize.height / 2)
+            let hostY = sheetOriginY + sheetSize.height - hostWindow.frame.height
+            hostWindow.setFrameOrigin(NSPoint(x: x, y: hostY))
+        } else {
+            hostWindow.center()
+        }
+        hostWindow.makeKeyAndOrderFront(nil)
+        alert.beginSheetModal(for: hostWindow, completionHandler: completionHandler)
+    }
+
+    static func runPairingPushTask(
+        bufferingNewest: Int = 200,
+        loadPending: @escaping @MainActor () async -> Void,
+        handlePush: @escaping @MainActor (GatewayPush) -> Void) async
+    {
+        _ = try? await GatewayConnection.shared.refresh()
+        await loadPending()
+        await GatewayPushSubscription.consume(bufferingNewest: bufferingNewest, onPush: handlePush)
+    }
+
+    static func startPairingPushTask(
+        task: inout Task<Void, Never>?,
+        isStopping: inout Bool,
+        bufferingNewest: Int = 200,
+        loadPending: @escaping @MainActor () async -> Void,
+        handlePush: @escaping @MainActor (GatewayPush) -> Void)
+    {
+        guard task == nil else { return }
+        isStopping = false
+        task = Task {
+            await self.runPairingPushTask(
+                bufferingNewest: bufferingNewest,
+                loadPending: loadPending,
+                handlePush: handlePush)
+        }
+    }
+
+    static func beginPairingAlert(
+        messageText: String,
+        informativeText: String,
+        alertHostWindow: inout NSWindow?,
+        completion: @escaping (NSApplication.ModalResponse, NSWindow) -> Void) -> NSAlert {
+        NSApp.activate(ignoringOtherApps: true)
+
+        let alert = NSAlert()
+        self.configureDefaultPairingAlert(alert, messageText: messageText, informativeText: informativeText)
+
+        let hostWindow = self.requireAlertHostWindow(alertHostWindow: &alertHostWindow)
+        self.beginCenteredSheet(alert: alert, hostWindow: hostWindow) { response in
+            completion(response, hostWindow)
+        }
+        return alert
+    }
+
+    static func presentPairingAlert(
+        requestId: String,
+        messageText: String,
+        informativeText: String,
+        activeAlert: inout NSAlert?,
+        activeRequestId: inout String?,
+        alertHostWindow: inout NSWindow?,
+        completion: @escaping (NSApplication.ModalResponse, NSWindow) -> Void)
+    {
+        activeRequestId = requestId
+        activeAlert = self.beginPairingAlert(
+            messageText: messageText,
+            informativeText: informativeText,
+            alertHostWindow: &alertHostWindow,
+            completion: completion)
+    }
+
+    static func presentPairingAlert<Request>(
+        request: Request,
+        requestId: String,
+        messageText: String,
+        informativeText: String,
+        activeAlert: inout NSAlert?,
+        activeRequestId: inout String?,
+        alertHostWindow: inout NSWindow?,
+        clearActive: @escaping @MainActor (NSWindow) -> Void,
+        onResponse: @escaping @MainActor (NSApplication.ModalResponse, Request) async -> Void)
+    {
+        self.presentPairingAlert(
+            requestId: requestId,
+            messageText: messageText,
+            informativeText: informativeText,
+            activeAlert: &activeAlert,
+            activeRequestId: &activeRequestId,
+            alertHostWindow: &alertHostWindow)
+        { response, hostWindow in
+            Task { @MainActor in
+                clearActive(hostWindow)
+                await onResponse(response, request)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static func clearActivePairingAlert(
+        activeAlert: inout NSAlert?,
+        activeRequestId: inout String?,
+        hostWindow: NSWindow)
+    {
+        activeRequestId = nil
+        activeAlert = nil
+        hostWindow.orderOut(nil)
+    }
+
+    static func stopPairingPrompter<Request>(
+        isStopping: inout Bool,
+        activeAlert: inout NSAlert?,
+        activeRequestId: inout String?,
+        task: inout Task<Void, Never>?,
+        queue: inout [Request],
+        isPresenting: inout Bool,
+        alertHostWindow: inout NSWindow?)
+    {
+        isStopping = true
+        self.endActiveAlert(activeAlert: &activeAlert, activeRequestId: &activeRequestId)
+        task?.cancel()
+        task = nil
+        queue.removeAll(keepingCapacity: false)
+        isPresenting = false
+        activeRequestId = nil
+        alertHostWindow?.orderOut(nil)
+        alertHostWindow?.close()
+        alertHostWindow = nil
+    }
+
+    static func approveRequest(
+        requestId: String,
+        kind: String,
+        logger: Logger,
+        action: @escaping () async throws -> Void) async -> Bool
+    {
+        do {
+            try await action()
+            logger.info("approved \(kind, privacy: .public) pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
+            return true
+        } catch {
+            logger.error("approve failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
+            logger.error("approve failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
+            return false
+        }
+    }
+
+    static func rejectRequest(
+        requestId: String,
+        kind: String,
+        logger: Logger,
+        action: @escaping () async throws -> Void) async
+    {
+        do {
+            try await action()
+            logger.info("rejected \(kind, privacy: .public) pairing requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
+        } catch {
+            logger.error("reject failed requestId=\(requestId, privacy: .public)")
+            logger.error("reject failed: \(error.localizedDescription, privacy: .public)")
+        }
+    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/PermissionManager.swift

@@ -229,61 +229,37 @@ enum PermissionManager {
 
 enum NotificationPermissionHelper {
     static func openSettings() {
-        let candidates = [
+        SystemSettingsURLSupport.openFirst([
             "x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.Notifications-Settings.extension",
             "x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.notifications",
-        ]
-
-        for candidate in candidates {
-            if let url = URL(string: candidate), NSWorkspace.shared.open(url) {
-                return
-            }
-        }
+        ])
     }
 }
 
 enum MicrophonePermissionHelper {
     static func openSettings() {
-        let candidates = [
+        SystemSettingsURLSupport.openFirst([
             "x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security?Privacy_Microphone",
             "x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security",
-        ]
-
-        for candidate in candidates {
-            if let url = URL(string: candidate), NSWorkspace.shared.open(url) {
-                return
-            }
-        }
+        ])
     }
 }
 
 enum CameraPermissionHelper {
     static func openSettings() {
-        let candidates = [
+        SystemSettingsURLSupport.openFirst([
             "x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security?Privacy_Camera",
             "x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security",
-        ]
-
-        for candidate in candidates {
-            if let url = URL(string: candidate), NSWorkspace.shared.open(url) {
-                return
-            }
-        }
+        ])
     }
 }
 
 enum LocationPermissionHelper {
     static func openSettings() {
-        let candidates = [
+        SystemSettingsURLSupport.openFirst([
             "x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security?Privacy_LocationServices",
             "x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security",
-        ]
-
-        for candidate in candidates {
-            if let url = URL(string: candidate), NSWorkspace.shared.open(url) {
-                return
-            }
-        }
+        ])
     }
 }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/PermissionMonitoringSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import Foundation
+
+@MainActor
+enum PermissionMonitoringSupport {
+    static func setMonitoring(_ shouldMonitor: Bool, monitoring: inout Bool) {
+        if shouldMonitor, !monitoring {
+            monitoring = true
+            PermissionMonitor.shared.register()
+        } else if !shouldMonitor, monitoring {
+            monitoring = false
+            PermissionMonitor.shared.unregister()
+        }
+    }
+
+    static func stopMonitoring(_ monitoring: inout Bool) {
+        guard monitoring else { return }
+        monitoring = false
+        PermissionMonitor.shared.unregister()
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/PlatformLabelFormatter.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum PlatformLabelFormatter {
+    static func parse(_ raw: String) -> (prefix: String, version: String?) {
+        let trimmed = raw.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+        if trimmed.isEmpty { return ("", nil) }
+        let parts = trimmed.split(whereSeparator: { $0 == " " || $0 == "\t" }).map(String.init)
+        let prefix = parts.first?.lowercased() ?? ""
+        let versionToken = parts.dropFirst().first
+        return (prefix, versionToken)
+    }
+
+    static func pretty(_ raw: String) -> String? {
+        let (prefix, version) = self.parse(raw)
+        if prefix.isEmpty { return nil }
+        let name: String = switch prefix {
+        case "macos": "macOS"
+        case "ios": "iOS"
+        case "ipados": "iPadOS"
+        case "tvos": "tvOS"
+        case "watchos": "watchOS"
+        default: prefix.prefix(1).uppercased() + prefix.dropFirst()
+        }
+        guard let version, !version.isEmpty else { return name }
+        let parts = version.split(separator: ".").map(String.init)
+        if parts.count >= 2 {
+            return "\(name) \(parts[0]).\(parts[1])"
+        }
+        return "\(name) \(version)"
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/RemotePortTunnel.swift

@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ final class RemotePortTunnel {
         else {
             return nil
         }
-        let sshKey = Self.hostKey(sshHost)
-        let urlKey = Self.hostKey(host)
+        let sshKey = OpenClawConfigFile.hostKey(sshHost)
+        let urlKey = OpenClawConfigFile.hostKey(host)
         guard !sshKey.isEmpty, !urlKey.isEmpty else { return nil }
         guard sshKey == urlKey else {
             Self.logger.debug(
@@ -163,17 +163,6 @@ final class RemotePortTunnel {
         return port
     }
 
-    private static func hostKey(_ host: String) -> String {
-        let trimmed = host.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).lowercased()
-        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return "" }
-        if trimmed.contains(":") { return trimmed }
-        let digits = CharacterSet(charactersIn: "0123456789.")
-        if trimmed.rangeOfCharacter(from: digits.inverted) == nil {
-            return trimmed
-        }
-        return trimmed.split(separator: ".").first.map(String.init) ?? trimmed
-    }
-
     private static func findPort(preferred: UInt16?, allowRandom: Bool) async throws -> UInt16 {
         if let preferred, self.portIsFree(preferred) { return preferred }
         if let preferred, !allowRandom {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/ScreenRecordService.swift

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import AVFoundation
 import Foundation
+import OpenClawKit
 import OSLog
 @preconcurrency import ScreenCaptureKit
 
@@ -34,8 +35,8 @@ final class ScreenRecordService {
         includeAudio: Bool?,
         outPath: String?) async throws -> (path: String, hasAudio: Bool)
     {
-        let durationMs = Self.clampDurationMs(durationMs)
-        let fps = Self.clampFps(fps)
+        let durationMs = CaptureRateLimits.clampDurationMs(durationMs)
+        let fps = CaptureRateLimits.clampFps(fps, maxFps: 60)
         let includeAudio = includeAudio ?? false
 
         let outURL: URL = {
@@ -96,17 +97,6 @@ final class ScreenRecordService {
         try await recorder.finish()
         return (path: outURL.path, hasAudio: recorder.hasAudio)
     }
-
-    private nonisolated static func clampDurationMs(_ ms: Int?) -> Int {
-        let v = ms ?? 10000
-        return min(60000, max(250, v))
-    }
-
-    private nonisolated static func clampFps(_ fps: Double?) -> Double {
-        let v = fps ?? 10
-        if !v.isFinite { return 10 }
-        return min(60, max(1, v))
-    }
 }
 
 private final class StreamRecorder: NSObject, SCStreamOutput, SCStreamDelegate, @unchecked Sendable {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/SessionMenuLabelView.swift

@@ -12,14 +12,6 @@ struct SessionMenuLabelView: View {
     private let paddingTrailing: CGFloat = 14
     private let barHeight: CGFloat = 6
 
-    private var primaryTextColor: Color {
-        self.isHighlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor) : .primary
-    }
-
-    private var secondaryTextColor: Color {
-        self.isHighlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor).opacity(0.85) : .secondary
-    }
-
     var body: some View {
         VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8) {
             ContextUsageBar(
@@ -31,7 +23,7 @@ struct SessionMenuLabelView: View {
             HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline, spacing: 2) {
                 Text(self.row.label)
                     .font(.caption.weight(self.row.key == "main" ? .semibold : .regular))
-                    .foregroundStyle(self.primaryTextColor)
+                    .foregroundStyle(MenuItemHighlightColors.primary(self.isHighlighted))
                     .lineLimit(1)
                     .truncationMode(.middle)
                     .layoutPriority(1)
@@ -40,14 +32,14 @@ struct SessionMenuLabelView: View {
 
                 Text("\(self.row.tokens.contextSummaryShort) · \(self.row.ageText)")
                     .font(.caption.monospacedDigit())
-                    .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryTextColor)
+                    .foregroundStyle(MenuItemHighlightColors.secondary(self.isHighlighted))
                     .lineLimit(1)
                     .fixedSize(horizontal: true, vertical: false)
                     .layoutPriority(2)
 
                 Image(systemName: "chevron.right")
                     .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                    .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryTextColor)
+                    .foregroundStyle(MenuItemHighlightColors.secondary(self.isHighlighted))
                     .padding(.leading, 2)
             }
         }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/SessionsSettings.swift

@@ -44,16 +44,8 @@ struct SessionsSettings: View {
                     .fixedSize(horizontal: false, vertical: true)
             }
             Spacer()
-            if self.loading {
-                ProgressView()
-            } else {
-                Button {
-                    Task { await self.refresh() }
-                } label: {
-                    Label("Refresh", systemImage: "arrow.clockwise")
-                }
-                .buttonStyle(.bordered)
-                .help("Refresh")
+            SettingsRefreshButton(isLoading: self.loading) {
+                Task { await self.refresh() }
             }
         }
     }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/SettingsRefreshButton.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import SwiftUI
+
+struct SettingsRefreshButton: View {
+    let isLoading: Bool
+    let action: () -> Void
+
+    var body: some View {
+        if self.isLoading {
+            ProgressView()
+        } else {
+            Button(action: self.action) {
+                Label("Refresh", systemImage: "arrow.clockwise")
+            }
+            .buttonStyle(.bordered)
+            .help("Refresh")
+        }
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/SettingsRootView.swift

@@ -158,20 +158,11 @@ struct SettingsRootView: View {
 
     private func updatePermissionMonitoring(for tab: SettingsTab) {
         guard !self.isPreview else { return }
-        let shouldMonitor = tab == .permissions
-        if shouldMonitor, !self.monitoringPermissions {
-            self.monitoringPermissions = true
-            PermissionMonitor.shared.register()
-        } else if !shouldMonitor, self.monitoringPermissions {
-            self.monitoringPermissions = false
-            PermissionMonitor.shared.unregister()
-        }
+        PermissionMonitoringSupport.setMonitoring(tab == .permissions, monitoring: &self.monitoringPermissions)
     }
 
     private func stopPermissionMonitoring() {
-        guard self.monitoringPermissions else { return }
-        self.monitoringPermissions = false
-        PermissionMonitor.shared.unregister()
+        PermissionMonitoringSupport.stopMonitoring(&self.monitoringPermissions)
     }
 }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/SettingsSidebarCard.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import SwiftUI
+
+extension View {
+    func settingsSidebarCardLayout() -> some View {
+        self
+            .frame(minWidth: 220, idealWidth: 240, maxWidth: 280, maxHeight: .infinity, alignment: .topLeading)
+            .background(
+                RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous)
+                    .fill(Color(nsColor: .windowBackgroundColor)))
+            .clipShape(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 12, style: .continuous))
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/SettingsSidebarScroll.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import SwiftUI
+
+struct SettingsSidebarScroll<Content: View>: View {
+    @ViewBuilder var content: Content
+
+    var body: some View {
+        ScrollView {
+            self.content
+                .padding(.vertical, 10)
+                .padding(.horizontal, 10)
+        }
+        .settingsSidebarCardLayout()
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/SimpleFileWatcher.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import Foundation
+
+final class SimpleFileWatcher: @unchecked Sendable {
+    private let watcher: CoalescingFSEventsWatcher
+
+    init(_ watcher: CoalescingFSEventsWatcher) {
+        self.watcher = watcher
+    }
+
+    deinit {
+        self.stop()
+    }
+
+    func start() {
+        self.watcher.start()
+    }
+
+    func stop() {
+        self.watcher.stop()
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/SimpleFileWatcherOwner.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import Foundation
+
+protocol SimpleFileWatcherOwner: AnyObject {
+    var watcher: SimpleFileWatcher { get }
+}
+
+extension SimpleFileWatcherOwner {
+    func start() {
+        self.watcher.start()
+    }
+
+    func stop() {
+        self.watcher.stop()
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/SimpleTaskSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import Foundation
+
+@MainActor
+enum SimpleTaskSupport {
+    static func start(task: inout Task<Void, Never>?, operation: @escaping @Sendable () async -> Void) {
+        guard task == nil else { return }
+        task = Task {
+            await operation()
+        }
+    }
+
+    static func stop(task: inout Task<Void, Never>?) {
+        task?.cancel()
+        task = nil
+    }
+
+    static func startDetachedLoop(
+        task: inout Task<Void, Never>?,
+        interval: TimeInterval,
+        operation: @escaping @Sendable () async -> Void)
+    {
+        guard task == nil else { return }
+        task = Task.detached {
+            await operation()
+            while !Task.isCancelled {
+                try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: UInt64(interval * 1_000_000_000))
+                await operation()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/SystemSettingsURLSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import AppKit
+import Foundation
+
+enum SystemSettingsURLSupport {
+    static func openFirst(_ candidates: [String]) {
+        for candidate in candidates {
+            if let url = URL(string: candidate), NSWorkspace.shared.open(url) {
+                return
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/TalkOverlay.swift

@@ -30,23 +30,12 @@ final class TalkOverlayController {
         self.ensureWindow()
         self.hostingView?.rootView = TalkOverlayView(controller: self)
         let target = self.targetFrame()
-
-        guard let window else { return }
-        if !self.model.isVisible {
-            self.model.isVisible = true
-            let start = target.offsetBy(dx: 0, dy: -6)
-            window.setFrame(start, display: true)
-            window.alphaValue = 0
-            window.orderFrontRegardless()
-            NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-                context.duration = 0.18
-                context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-                window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
-                window.animator().alphaValue = 1
-            }
-        } else {
-            window.setFrame(target, display: true)
-            window.orderFrontRegardless()
+        OverlayPanelFactory.present(
+            window: self.window,
+            isVisible: &self.model.isVisible,
+            target: target) { window in
+                window.setFrame(target, display: true)
+                window.orderFrontRegardless()
         }
     }
 
@@ -56,13 +45,7 @@ final class TalkOverlayController {
             return
         }
 
-        let target = window.frame.offsetBy(dx: 6, dy: 6)
-        NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-            context.duration = 0.16
-            context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-            window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
-            window.animator().alphaValue = 0
-        } completionHandler: {
+        OverlayPanelFactory.animateDismiss(window: window) {
             Task { @MainActor in
                 window.orderOut(nil)
                 self.model.isVisible = false
@@ -100,23 +83,11 @@ final class TalkOverlayController {
 
     private func ensureWindow() {
         if self.window != nil { return }
-        let panel = NSPanel(
+        let panel = OverlayPanelFactory.makePanel(
             contentRect: NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: Self.overlaySize, height: Self.overlaySize),
-            styleMask: [.nonactivatingPanel, .borderless],
-            backing: .buffered,
-            defer: false)
-        panel.isOpaque = false
-        panel.backgroundColor = .clear
-        panel.hasShadow = false
-        panel.level = NSWindow.Level(rawValue: NSWindow.Level.popUpMenu.rawValue - 4)
-        panel.collectionBehavior = [.canJoinAllSpaces, .fullScreenAuxiliary, .transient]
-        panel.hidesOnDeactivate = false
-        panel.isMovable = false
-        panel.acceptsMouseMovedEvents = true
-        panel.isFloatingPanel = true
-        panel.becomesKeyOnlyIfNeeded = true
-        panel.titleVisibility = .hidden
-        panel.titlebarAppearsTransparent = true
+            level: NSWindow.Level(rawValue: NSWindow.Level.popUpMenu.rawValue - 4),
+            hasShadow: false,
+            acceptsMouseMovedEvents: true)
 
         let host = TalkOverlayHostingView(rootView: TalkOverlayView(controller: self))
         host.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/TalkOverlayView.swift

@@ -53,18 +53,7 @@ struct TalkOverlayView: View {
     private static let defaultSeamColor = Color(red: 79 / 255.0, green: 122 / 255.0, blue: 154 / 255.0)
 
     private var seamColor: Color {
-        Self.color(fromHex: self.appState.seamColorHex) ?? Self.defaultSeamColor
-    }
-
-    private static func color(fromHex raw: String?) -> Color? {
-        let trimmed = (raw ?? "").trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }
-        let hex = trimmed.hasPrefix("#") ? String(trimmed.dropFirst()) : trimmed
-        guard hex.count == 6, let value = Int(hex, radix: 16) else { return nil }
-        let r = Double((value >> 16) & 0xFF) / 255.0
-        let g = Double((value >> 8) & 0xFF) / 255.0
-        let b = Double(value & 0xFF) / 255.0
-        return Color(red: r, green: g, blue: b)
+        ColorHexSupport.color(fromHex: self.appState.seamColorHex) ?? Self.defaultSeamColor
     }
 }
 

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/TextSummarySupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum TextSummarySupport {
+    static func summarizeLastLine(_ text: String, maxLength: Int = 200) -> String? {
+        let lines = text
+            .split(whereSeparator: \.isNewline)
+            .map { $0.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) }
+            .filter { !$0.isEmpty }
+        guard let last = lines.last else { return nil }
+        let normalized = last.replacingOccurrences(of: "\\s+", with: " ", options: .regularExpression)
+        if normalized.count > maxLength {
+            return String(normalized.prefix(maxLength - 1)) + "…"
+        }
+        return normalized
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/TrackingAreaSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import AppKit
+
+enum TrackingAreaSupport {
+    @MainActor
+    static func resetMouseTracking(
+        on view: NSView,
+        tracking: inout NSTrackingArea?,
+        owner: AnyObject)
+    {
+        if let tracking {
+            view.removeTrackingArea(tracking)
+        }
+        let options: NSTrackingArea.Options = [
+            .mouseEnteredAndExited,
+            .activeAlways,
+            .inVisibleRect,
+        ]
+        let area = NSTrackingArea(rect: view.bounds, options: options, owner: owner, userInfo: nil)
+        view.addTrackingArea(area)
+        tracking = area
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/UsageCostData.swift

@@ -12,13 +12,92 @@ struct GatewayCostUsageTotals: Codable {
 
 struct GatewayCostUsageDay: Codable {
     let date: String
-    let input: Int
-    let output: Int
-    let cacheRead: Int
-    let cacheWrite: Int
-    let totalTokens: Int
-    let totalCost: Double
-    let missingCostEntries: Int
+    private let totals: GatewayCostUsageTotals
+
+    var input: Int {
+        self.totals.input
+    }
+
+    var output: Int {
+        self.totals.output
+    }
+
+    var cacheRead: Int {
+        self.totals.cacheRead
+    }
+
+    var cacheWrite: Int {
+        self.totals.cacheWrite
+    }
+
+    var totalTokens: Int {
+        self.totals.totalTokens
+    }
+
+    var totalCost: Double {
+        self.totals.totalCost
+    }
+
+    var missingCostEntries: Int {
+        self.totals.missingCostEntries
+    }
+
+    init(
+        date: String,
+        input: Int,
+        output: Int,
+        cacheRead: Int,
+        cacheWrite: Int,
+        totalTokens: Int,
+        totalCost: Double,
+        missingCostEntries: Int)
+    {
+        self.date = date
+        self.totals = GatewayCostUsageTotals(
+            input: input,
+            output: output,
+            cacheRead: cacheRead,
+            cacheWrite: cacheWrite,
+            totalTokens: totalTokens,
+            totalCost: totalCost,
+            missingCostEntries: missingCostEntries)
+    }
+
+    private enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
+        case date
+        case input
+        case output
+        case cacheRead
+        case cacheWrite
+        case totalTokens
+        case totalCost
+        case missingCostEntries
+    }
+
+    init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
+        let c = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        self.date = try c.decode(String.self, forKey: .date)
+        self.totals = GatewayCostUsageTotals(
+            input: try c.decode(Int.self, forKey: .input),
+            output: try c.decode(Int.self, forKey: .output),
+            cacheRead: try c.decode(Int.self, forKey: .cacheRead),
+            cacheWrite: try c.decode(Int.self, forKey: .cacheWrite),
+            totalTokens: try c.decode(Int.self, forKey: .totalTokens),
+            totalCost: try c.decode(Double.self, forKey: .totalCost),
+            missingCostEntries: try c.decode(Int.self, forKey: .missingCostEntries))
+    }
+
+    func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
+        var c = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
+        try c.encode(self.date, forKey: .date)
+        try c.encode(self.input, forKey: .input)
+        try c.encode(self.output, forKey: .output)
+        try c.encode(self.cacheRead, forKey: .cacheRead)
+        try c.encode(self.cacheWrite, forKey: .cacheWrite)
+        try c.encode(self.totalTokens, forKey: .totalTokens)
+        try c.encode(self.totalCost, forKey: .totalCost)
+        try c.encode(self.missingCostEntries, forKey: .missingCostEntries)
+    }
 }
 
 struct GatewayCostUsageSummary: Codable {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/UsageMenuLabelView.swift

@@ -9,14 +9,6 @@ struct UsageMenuLabelView: View {
     private let paddingTrailing: CGFloat = 14
     private let barHeight: CGFloat = 6
 
-    private var primaryTextColor: Color {
-        self.isHighlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor) : .primary
-    }
-
-    private var secondaryTextColor: Color {
-        self.isHighlighted ? Color(nsColor: .selectedMenuItemTextColor).opacity(0.85) : .secondary
-    }
-
     var body: some View {
         VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8) {
             if let used = row.usedPercent {
@@ -30,7 +22,7 @@ struct UsageMenuLabelView: View {
             HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline, spacing: 6) {
                 Text(self.row.titleText)
                     .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                    .foregroundStyle(self.primaryTextColor)
+                    .foregroundStyle(MenuItemHighlightColors.primary(self.isHighlighted))
                     .lineLimit(1)
                     .truncationMode(.middle)
                     .layoutPriority(1)
@@ -39,7 +31,7 @@ struct UsageMenuLabelView: View {
 
                 Text(self.row.detailText())
                     .font(.caption.monospacedDigit())
-                    .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryTextColor)
+                    .foregroundStyle(MenuItemHighlightColors.secondary(self.isHighlighted))
                     .lineLimit(1)
                     .truncationMode(.tail)
                     .layoutPriority(2)
@@ -47,7 +39,7 @@ struct UsageMenuLabelView: View {
                 if self.showsChevron {
                     Image(systemName: "chevron.right")
                         .font(.caption.weight(.semibold))
-                        .foregroundStyle(self.secondaryTextColor)
+                        .foregroundStyle(MenuItemHighlightColors.secondary(self.isHighlighted))
                         .padding(.leading, 2)
                 }
             }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/VoiceOverlayTextFormatting.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import AppKit
+
+enum VoiceOverlayTextFormatting {
+    static func delta(after committed: String, current: String) -> String {
+        if current.hasPrefix(committed) {
+            let start = current.index(current.startIndex, offsetBy: committed.count)
+            return String(current[start...])
+        }
+        return current
+    }
+
+    static func makeAttributed(committed: String, volatile: String, isFinal: Bool) -> NSAttributedString {
+        let full = NSMutableAttributedString()
+        let committedAttr: [NSAttributedString.Key: Any] = [
+            .foregroundColor: NSColor.labelColor,
+            .font: NSFont.systemFont(ofSize: 13, weight: .regular),
+        ]
+        full.append(NSAttributedString(string: committed, attributes: committedAttr))
+        let volatileColor: NSColor = isFinal ? .labelColor : NSColor.tertiaryLabelColor
+        let volatileAttr: [NSAttributedString.Key: Any] = [
+            .foregroundColor: volatileColor,
+            .font: NSFont.systemFont(ofSize: 13, weight: .regular),
+        ]
+        full.append(NSAttributedString(string: volatile, attributes: volatileAttr))
+        return full
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/VoicePushToTalk.swift

@@ -170,7 +170,8 @@ actor VoicePushToTalk {
         // Pause the always-on wake word recognizer so both pipelines don't fight over the mic tap.
         await VoiceWakeRuntime.shared.pauseForPushToTalk()
         let adoptedPrefix = self.adoptedPrefix
-        let adoptedAttributed: NSAttributedString? = adoptedPrefix.isEmpty ? nil : Self.makeAttributed(
+        let adoptedAttributed: NSAttributedString? = adoptedPrefix.isEmpty ? nil : VoiceOverlayTextFormatting
+            .makeAttributed(
             committed: adoptedPrefix,
             volatile: "",
             isFinal: false)
@@ -292,12 +293,15 @@ actor VoicePushToTalk {
             self.committed = transcript
             self.volatile = ""
         } else {
-            self.volatile = Self.delta(after: self.committed, current: transcript)
+            self.volatile = VoiceOverlayTextFormatting.delta(after: self.committed, current: transcript)
         }
 
         let committedWithPrefix = Self.join(self.adoptedPrefix, self.committed)
         let snapshot = Self.join(committedWithPrefix, self.volatile)
-        let attributed = Self.makeAttributed(committed: committedWithPrefix, volatile: self.volatile, isFinal: isFinal)
+        let attributed = VoiceOverlayTextFormatting.makeAttributed(
+            committed: committedWithPrefix,
+            volatile: self.volatile,
+            isFinal: isFinal)
         if let token = self.overlayToken {
             await MainActor.run {
                 VoiceSessionCoordinator.shared.updatePartial(
@@ -387,11 +391,11 @@ actor VoicePushToTalk {
     // MARK: - Test helpers
 
     static func _testDelta(committed: String, current: String) -> String {
-        self.delta(after: committed, current: current)
+        VoiceOverlayTextFormatting.delta(after: committed, current: current)
     }
 
     static func _testAttributedColors(isFinal: Bool) -> (NSColor, NSColor) {
-        let sample = self.makeAttributed(committed: "a", volatile: "b", isFinal: isFinal)
+        let sample = VoiceOverlayTextFormatting.makeAttributed(committed: "a", volatile: "b", isFinal: isFinal)
         let committedColor = sample.attribute(.foregroundColor, at: 0, effectiveRange: nil) as? NSColor ?? .clear
         let volatileColor = sample.attribute(.foregroundColor, at: 1, effectiveRange: nil) as? NSColor ?? .clear
         return (committedColor, volatileColor)
@@ -403,27 +407,4 @@ actor VoicePushToTalk {
         return "\(prefix) \(suffix)"
     }
 
-    private static func delta(after committed: String, current: String) -> String {
-        if current.hasPrefix(committed) {
-            let start = current.index(current.startIndex, offsetBy: committed.count)
-            return String(current[start...])
-        }
-        return current
-    }
-
-    private static func makeAttributed(committed: String, volatile: String, isFinal: Bool) -> NSAttributedString {
-        let full = NSMutableAttributedString()
-        let committedAttr: [NSAttributedString.Key: Any] = [
-            .foregroundColor: NSColor.labelColor,
-            .font: NSFont.systemFont(ofSize: 13, weight: .regular),
-        ]
-        full.append(NSAttributedString(string: committed, attributes: committedAttr))
-        let volatileColor: NSColor = isFinal ? .labelColor : NSColor.tertiaryLabelColor
-        let volatileAttr: [NSAttributedString.Key: Any] = [
-            .foregroundColor: volatileColor,
-            .font: NSFont.systemFont(ofSize: 13, weight: .regular),
-        ]
-        full.append(NSAttributedString(string: volatile, attributes: volatileAttr))
-        return full
-    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/VoiceWakeGlobalSettingsSync.swift

@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeGlobalSettingsSync {
     }
 
     func start() {
-        guard self.task == nil else { return }
-        self.task = Task { [weak self] in
+        SimpleTaskSupport.start(task: &self.task) { [weak self] in
             guard let self else { return }
             while !Task.isCancelled {
                 do {
@@ -39,8 +38,7 @@ final class VoiceWakeGlobalSettingsSync {
     }
 
     func stop() {
-        self.task?.cancel()
-        self.task = nil
+        SimpleTaskSupport.stop(task: &self.task)
     }
 
     private func refreshFromGateway() async {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/VoiceWakeOverlayController+Window.swift

@@ -13,50 +13,29 @@ extension VoiceWakeOverlayController {
         self.ensureWindow()
         self.hostingView?.rootView = VoiceWakeOverlayView(controller: self)
         let target = self.targetFrame()
-
-        guard let window else { return }
-        if !self.model.isVisible {
-            self.model.isVisible = true
-            self.logger.log(
-                level: .info,
-                "overlay present windowShown textLen=\(self.model.text.count, privacy: .public)")
-            // Keep the status item in “listening” mode until we explicitly dismiss the overlay.
-            AppStateStore.shared.triggerVoiceEars(ttl: nil)
-            let start = target.offsetBy(dx: 0, dy: -6)
-            window.setFrame(start, display: true)
-            window.alphaValue = 0
-            window.orderFrontRegardless()
-            NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-                context.duration = 0.18
-                context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-                window.animator().setFrame(target, display: true)
-                window.animator().alphaValue = 1
-            }
-        } else {
-            self.updateWindowFrame(animate: true)
-            window.orderFrontRegardless()
+        OverlayPanelFactory.present(
+            window: self.window,
+            isVisible: &self.model.isVisible,
+            target: target,
+            onFirstPresent: {
+                self.logger.log(
+                    level: .info,
+                    "overlay present windowShown textLen=\(self.model.text.count, privacy: .public)")
+                // Keep the status item in “listening” mode until we explicitly dismiss the overlay.
+                AppStateStore.shared.triggerVoiceEars(ttl: nil)
+            }) { window in
+                self.updateWindowFrame(animate: true)
+                window.orderFrontRegardless()
         }
     }
 
     private func ensureWindow() {
         if self.window != nil { return }
         let borderPad = self.closeOverflow
-        let panel = NSPanel(
+        let panel = OverlayPanelFactory.makePanel(
             contentRect: NSRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: self.width + borderPad * 2, height: 60 + borderPad * 2),
-            styleMask: [.nonactivatingPanel, .borderless],
-            backing: .buffered,
-            defer: false)
-        panel.isOpaque = false
-        panel.backgroundColor = .clear
-        panel.hasShadow = false
-        panel.level = Self.preferredWindowLevel
-        panel.collectionBehavior = [.canJoinAllSpaces, .fullScreenAuxiliary, .transient]
-        panel.hidesOnDeactivate = false
-        panel.isMovable = false
-        panel.isFloatingPanel = true
-        panel.becomesKeyOnlyIfNeeded = true
-        panel.titleVisibility = .hidden
-        panel.titlebarAppearsTransparent = true
+            level: Self.preferredWindowLevel,
+            hasShadow: false)
 
         let host = NSHostingView(rootView: VoiceWakeOverlayView(controller: self))
         host.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
@@ -84,17 +63,7 @@ extension VoiceWakeOverlayController {
     }
 
     func updateWindowFrame(animate: Bool = false) {
-        guard let window else { return }
-        let frame = self.targetFrame()
-        if animate {
-            NSAnimationContext.runAnimationGroup { context in
-                context.duration = 0.12
-                context.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: .easeOut)
-                window.animator().setFrame(frame, display: true)
-            }
-        } else {
-            window.setFrame(frame, display: true)
-        }
+        OverlayPanelFactory.applyFrame(window: self.window, target: self.targetFrame(), animate: animate)
     }
 
     func measuredHeight() -> CGFloat {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/VoiceWakeRecognitionDebugSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import Foundation
+import SwabbleKit
+
+enum VoiceWakeRecognitionDebugSupport {
+    struct TranscriptSummary {
+        let textOnly: Bool
+        let timingCount: Int
+    }
+
+    static func shouldLogTranscript(
+        transcript: String,
+        isFinal: Bool,
+        loggerLevel: Logger.Level,
+        lastLoggedText: inout String?,
+        lastLoggedAt: inout Date?,
+        minRepeatInterval: TimeInterval = 0.25) -> Bool
+    {
+        guard !transcript.isEmpty else { return false }
+        guard loggerLevel == .debug || loggerLevel == .trace else { return false }
+        if transcript == lastLoggedText,
+           !isFinal,
+           let last = lastLoggedAt,
+           Date().timeIntervalSince(last) < minRepeatInterval
+        {
+            return false
+        }
+        lastLoggedText = transcript
+        lastLoggedAt = Date()
+        return true
+    }
+
+    static func textOnlyFallbackMatch(
+        transcript: String,
+        triggers: [String],
+        config: WakeWordGateConfig,
+        trimWake: (String, [String]) -> String) -> WakeWordGateMatch?
+    {
+        guard let command = VoiceWakeTextUtils.textOnlyCommand(
+            transcript: transcript,
+            triggers: triggers,
+            minCommandLength: config.minCommandLength,
+            trimWake: trimWake)
+        else { return nil }
+        return WakeWordGateMatch(triggerEndTime: 0, postGap: 0, command: command)
+    }
+
+    static func transcriptSummary(
+        transcript: String,
+        triggers: [String],
+        segments: [WakeWordSegment]) -> TranscriptSummary
+    {
+        TranscriptSummary(
+            textOnly: WakeWordGate.matchesTextOnly(text: transcript, triggers: triggers),
+            timingCount: segments.count(where: { $0.start > 0 || $0.duration > 0 }))
+    }
+
+    static func matchSummary(_ match: WakeWordGateMatch?) -> String {
+        match.map {
+            "match=true gap=\(String(format: "%.2f", $0.postGap))s cmdLen=\($0.command.count)"
+        } ?? "match=false"
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/VoiceWakeRuntime.swift

@@ -312,10 +312,12 @@ actor VoiceWakeRuntime {
                     self.committedTranscript = trimmed
                     self.volatileTranscript = ""
                 } else {
-                    self.volatileTranscript = Self.delta(after: self.committedTranscript, current: trimmed)
+                    self.volatileTranscript = VoiceOverlayTextFormatting.delta(
+                        after: self.committedTranscript,
+                        current: trimmed)
                 }
 
-                let attributed = Self.makeAttributed(
+                let attributed = VoiceOverlayTextFormatting.makeAttributed(
                     committed: self.committedTranscript,
                     volatile: self.volatileTranscript,
                     isFinal: update.isFinal)
@@ -337,10 +339,11 @@ actor VoiceWakeRuntime {
         var usedFallback = false
         var match = WakeWordGate.match(transcript: transcript, segments: update.segments, config: gateConfig)
         if match == nil, update.isFinal {
-            match = self.textOnlyFallbackMatch(
+            match = VoiceWakeRecognitionDebugSupport.textOnlyFallbackMatch(
                 transcript: transcript,
                 triggers: config.triggers,
-                config: gateConfig)
+                config: gateConfig,
+                trimWake: Self.trimmedAfterTrigger)
             usedFallback = match != nil
         }
         self.maybeLogRecognition(
@@ -387,22 +390,19 @@ actor VoiceWakeRuntime {
         usedFallback: Bool,
         capturing: Bool)
     {
-        guard !transcript.isEmpty else { return }
-        let level = self.logger.logLevel
-        guard level == .debug || level == .trace else { return }
-        if transcript == self.lastLoggedText, !isFinal {
-            if let last = self.lastLoggedAt, Date().timeIntervalSince(last) < 0.25 {
-                return
-            }
-        }
-        self.lastLoggedText = transcript
-        self.lastLoggedAt = Date()
+        guard VoiceWakeRecognitionDebugSupport.shouldLogTranscript(
+            transcript: transcript,
+            isFinal: isFinal,
+            loggerLevel: self.logger.logLevel,
+            lastLoggedText: &self.lastLoggedText,
+            lastLoggedAt: &self.lastLoggedAt)
+        else { return }
 
-        let textOnly = WakeWordGate.matchesTextOnly(text: transcript, triggers: triggers)
-        let timingCount = segments.count(where: { $0.start > 0 || $0.duration > 0 })
-        let matchSummary = match.map {
-            "match=true gap=\(String(format: "%.2f", $0.postGap))s cmdLen=\($0.command.count)"
-        } ?? "match=false"
+        let summary = VoiceWakeRecognitionDebugSupport.transcriptSummary(
+            transcript: transcript,
+            triggers: triggers,
+            segments: segments)
+        let matchSummary = VoiceWakeRecognitionDebugSupport.matchSummary(match)
         let segmentSummary = segments.map { seg in
             let start = String(format: "%.2f", seg.start)
             let end = String(format: "%.2f", seg.end)
@@ -410,8 +410,8 @@ actor VoiceWakeRuntime {
         }.joined(separator: ", ")
 
         self.logger.debug(
-            "voicewake runtime transcript='\(transcript, privacy: .private)' textOnly=\(textOnly) " +
-                "isFinal=\(isFinal) timing=\(timingCount)/\(segments.count) " +
+            "voicewake runtime transcript='\(transcript, privacy: .private)' textOnly=\(summary.textOnly) " +
+                "isFinal=\(isFinal) timing=\(summary.timingCount)/\(segments.count) " +
                 "capturing=\(capturing) fallback=\(usedFallback) " +
                 "\(matchSummary) segments=[\(segmentSummary, privacy: .private)]")
     }
@@ -495,20 +495,6 @@ actor VoiceWakeRuntime {
         await self.beginCapture(command: "", triggerEndTime: nil, config: config)
     }
 
-    private func textOnlyFallbackMatch(
-        transcript: String,
-        triggers: [String],
-        config: WakeWordGateConfig) -> WakeWordGateMatch?
-    {
-        guard let command = VoiceWakeTextUtils.textOnlyCommand(
-            transcript: transcript,
-            triggers: triggers,
-            minCommandLength: config.minCommandLength,
-            trimWake: Self.trimmedAfterTrigger)
-        else { return nil }
-        return WakeWordGateMatch(triggerEndTime: 0, postGap: 0, command: command)
-    }
-
     private func isTriggerOnly(transcript: String, triggers: [String]) -> Bool {
         guard WakeWordGate.matchesTextOnly(text: transcript, triggers: triggers) else { return false }
         guard VoiceWakeTextUtils.startsWithTrigger(transcript: transcript, triggers: triggers) else { return false }
@@ -526,10 +512,11 @@ actor VoiceWakeRuntime {
         guard !self.isCapturing else { return }
         guard let lastSeenAt, let lastText else { return }
         guard self.lastTranscriptAt == lastSeenAt, self.lastTranscript == lastText else { return }
-        guard let match = self.textOnlyFallbackMatch(
+        guard let match = VoiceWakeRecognitionDebugSupport.textOnlyFallbackMatch(
             transcript: lastText,
             triggers: triggers,
-            config: gateConfig)
+            config: gateConfig,
+            trimWake: Self.trimmedAfterTrigger)
         else { return }
         if let cooldown = self.cooldownUntil, Date() < cooldown {
             return
@@ -564,7 +551,7 @@ actor VoiceWakeRuntime {
         }
 
         let snapshot = self.committedTranscript + self.volatileTranscript
-        let attributed = Self.makeAttributed(
+        let attributed = VoiceOverlayTextFormatting.makeAttributed(
             committed: self.committedTranscript,
             volatile: self.volatileTranscript,
             isFinal: false)
@@ -781,33 +768,10 @@ actor VoiceWakeRuntime {
     }
 
     static func _testAttributedColor(isFinal: Bool) -> NSColor {
-        self.makeAttributed(committed: "sample", volatile: "", isFinal: isFinal)
+        VoiceOverlayTextFormatting.makeAttributed(committed: "sample", volatile: "", isFinal: isFinal)
             .attribute(.foregroundColor, at: 0, effectiveRange: nil) as? NSColor ?? .clear
     }
 
     #endif
 
-    private static func delta(after committed: String, current: String) -> String {
-        if current.hasPrefix(committed) {
-            let start = current.index(current.startIndex, offsetBy: committed.count)
-            return String(current[start...])
-        }
-        return current
-    }
-
-    private static func makeAttributed(committed: String, volatile: String, isFinal: Bool) -> NSAttributedString {
-        let full = NSMutableAttributedString()
-        let committedAttr: [NSAttributedString.Key: Any] = [
-            .foregroundColor: NSColor.labelColor,
-            .font: NSFont.systemFont(ofSize: 13, weight: .regular),
-        ]
-        full.append(NSAttributedString(string: committed, attributes: committedAttr))
-        let volatileColor: NSColor = isFinal ? .labelColor : NSColor.tertiaryLabelColor
-        let volatileAttr: [NSAttributedString.Key: Any] = [
-            .foregroundColor: volatileColor,
-            .font: NSFont.systemFont(ofSize: 13, weight: .regular),
-        ]
-        full.append(NSAttributedString(string: volatile, attributes: volatileAttr))
-        return full
-    }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/VoiceWakeSettings.swift

@@ -40,11 +40,7 @@ struct VoiceWakeSettings: View {
     }
 
     private var voiceWakeBinding: Binding<Bool> {
-        Binding(
-            get: { self.state.swabbleEnabled },
-            set: { newValue in
-                Task { await self.state.setVoiceWakeEnabled(newValue) }
-            })
+        MicRefreshSupport.voiceWakeBinding(for: self.state)
     }
 
     var body: some View {
@@ -534,30 +530,22 @@ struct VoiceWakeSettings: View {
 
     @MainActor
     private func updateSelectedMicName() {
-        let selected = self.state.voiceWakeMicID
-        if selected.isEmpty {
-            self.state.voiceWakeMicName = ""
-            return
-        }
-        if let match = self.availableMics.first(where: { $0.uid == selected }) {
-            self.state.voiceWakeMicName = match.name
-        }
+        self.state.voiceWakeMicName = MicRefreshSupport.selectedMicName(
+            selectedID: self.state.voiceWakeMicID,
+            in: self.availableMics,
+            uid: \.uid,
+            name: \.name)
     }
 
     private func startMicObserver() {
-        self.micObserver.start {
-            Task { @MainActor in
-                self.scheduleMicRefresh()
-            }
+        MicRefreshSupport.startObserver(self.micObserver) {
+            self.scheduleMicRefresh()
         }
     }
 
     @MainActor
     private func scheduleMicRefresh() {
-        self.micRefreshTask?.cancel()
-        self.micRefreshTask = Task { @MainActor in
-            try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 300_000_000)
-            guard !Task.isCancelled else { return }
+        MicRefreshSupport.schedule(refreshTask: &self.micRefreshTask) {
             await self.loadMicsIfNeeded(force: true)
             await self.restartMeter()
         }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/VoiceWakeTester.swift

@@ -140,10 +140,11 @@ final class VoiceWakeTester {
             let gateConfig = WakeWordGateConfig(triggers: triggers)
             var match = WakeWordGate.match(transcript: text, segments: segments, config: gateConfig)
             if match == nil, isFinal {
-                match = self.textOnlyFallbackMatch(
+                match = VoiceWakeRecognitionDebugSupport.textOnlyFallbackMatch(
                     transcript: text,
                     triggers: triggers,
-                    config: gateConfig)
+                    config: gateConfig,
+                    trimWake: WakeWordGate.stripWake)
             }
             self.maybeLogDebug(
                 transcript: text,
@@ -273,28 +274,25 @@ final class VoiceWakeTester {
         match: WakeWordGateMatch?,
         isFinal: Bool)
     {
-        guard !transcript.isEmpty else { return }
-        let level = self.logger.logLevel
-        guard level == .debug || level == .trace else { return }
-        if transcript == self.lastLoggedText, !isFinal {
-            if let last = self.lastLoggedAt, Date().timeIntervalSince(last) < 0.25 {
-                return
-            }
-        }
-        self.lastLoggedText = transcript
-        self.lastLoggedAt = Date()
+        guard VoiceWakeRecognitionDebugSupport.shouldLogTranscript(
+            transcript: transcript,
+            isFinal: isFinal,
+            loggerLevel: self.logger.logLevel,
+            lastLoggedText: &self.lastLoggedText,
+            lastLoggedAt: &self.lastLoggedAt)
+        else { return }
 
-        let textOnly = WakeWordGate.matchesTextOnly(text: transcript, triggers: triggers)
+        let summary = VoiceWakeRecognitionDebugSupport.transcriptSummary(
+            transcript: transcript,
+            triggers: triggers,
+            segments: segments)
         let gaps = Self.debugCandidateGaps(triggers: triggers, segments: segments)
         let segmentSummary = Self.debugSegments(segments)
-        let timingCount = segments.count(where: { $0.start > 0 || $0.duration > 0 })
-        let matchSummary = match.map {
-            "match=true gap=\(String(format: "%.2f", $0.postGap))s cmdLen=\($0.command.count)"
-        } ?? "match=false"
+        let matchSummary = VoiceWakeRecognitionDebugSupport.matchSummary(match)
 
         self.logger.debug(
-            "voicewake test transcript='\(transcript, privacy: .private)' textOnly=\(textOnly) " +
-                "isFinal=\(isFinal) timing=\(timingCount)/\(segments.count) " +
+            "voicewake test transcript='\(transcript, privacy: .private)' textOnly=\(summary.textOnly) " +
+                "isFinal=\(isFinal) timing=\(summary.timingCount)/\(segments.count) " +
                 "\(matchSummary) gaps=[\(gaps, privacy: .private)] segments=[\(segmentSummary, privacy: .private)]")
     }
 
@@ -362,20 +360,6 @@ final class VoiceWakeTester {
         }
     }
 
-    private func textOnlyFallbackMatch(
-        transcript: String,
-        triggers: [String],
-        config: WakeWordGateConfig) -> WakeWordGateMatch?
-    {
-        guard let command = VoiceWakeTextUtils.textOnlyCommand(
-            transcript: transcript,
-            triggers: triggers,
-            minCommandLength: config.minCommandLength,
-            trimWake: { WakeWordGate.stripWake(text: $0, triggers: $1) })
-        else { return nil }
-        return WakeWordGateMatch(triggerEndTime: 0, postGap: 0, command: command)
-    }
-
     private func holdUntilSilence(onUpdate: @escaping @Sendable (VoiceWakeTestState) -> Void) {
         Task { [weak self] in
             guard let self else { return }
@@ -415,10 +399,12 @@ final class VoiceWakeTester {
             guard !self.isStopping, !self.holdingAfterDetect else { return }
             guard let lastSeenAt, let lastText else { return }
             guard self.lastTranscriptAt == lastSeenAt, self.lastTranscript == lastText else { return }
-            guard let match = self.textOnlyFallbackMatch(
+            guard let match = VoiceWakeRecognitionDebugSupport.textOnlyFallbackMatch(
                 transcript: lastText,
                 triggers: triggers,
-                config: WakeWordGateConfig(triggers: triggers)) else { return }
+                config: WakeWordGateConfig(triggers: triggers),
+                trimWake: WakeWordGate.stripWake)
+            else { return }
             self.holdingAfterDetect = true
             self.detectedText = match.command
             self.logger.info("voice wake detected (test, silence) (len=\(match.command.count))")

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/WebChatManager.swift

@@ -111,13 +111,7 @@ final class WebChatManager {
     }
 
     func close() {
-        self.windowController?.close()
-        self.windowController = nil
-        self.windowSessionKey = nil
-        self.panelController?.close()
-        self.panelController = nil
-        self.panelSessionKey = nil
-        self.cachedPreferredSessionKey = nil
+        self.resetTunnels()
     }
 
     private func panelHidden() {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/WebChatSwiftUI.swift

@@ -251,10 +251,7 @@ final class WebChatSwiftUIWindowController {
     }
 
     private func removeDismissMonitor() {
-        if let monitor = self.dismissMonitor {
-            NSEvent.removeMonitor(monitor)
-            self.dismissMonitor = nil
-        }
+        OverlayPanelFactory.clearGlobalEventMonitor(&self.dismissMonitor)
     }
 
     private static func makeWindow(
@@ -371,13 +368,6 @@ final class WebChatSwiftUIWindowController {
     }
 
     private static func color(fromHex raw: String?) -> Color? {
-        let trimmed = (raw ?? "").trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-        guard !trimmed.isEmpty else { return nil }
-        let hex = trimmed.hasPrefix("#") ? String(trimmed.dropFirst()) : trimmed
-        guard hex.count == 6, let value = Int(hex, radix: 16) else { return nil }
-        let r = Double((value >> 16) & 0xFF) / 255.0
-        let g = Double((value >> 8) & 0xFF) / 255.0
-        let b = Double(value & 0xFF) / 255.0
-        return Color(red: r, green: g, blue: b)
+        ColorHexSupport.color(fromHex: raw)
     }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClaw/WorkActivityStore.swift

@@ -113,17 +113,15 @@ final class WorkActivityStore {
 
     private func setJobActive(_ activity: Activity) {
         self.jobs[activity.sessionKey] = activity
-        // Main session preempts immediately.
-        if activity.role == .main {
-            self.currentSessionKey = activity.sessionKey
-        } else if self.currentSessionKey == nil || !self.isActive(sessionKey: self.currentSessionKey!) {
-            self.currentSessionKey = activity.sessionKey
-        }
-        self.refreshDerivedState()
+        self.updateCurrentSession(with: activity)
     }
 
     private func setToolActive(_ activity: Activity) {
         self.tools[activity.sessionKey] = activity
+        self.updateCurrentSession(with: activity)
+    }
+
+    private func updateCurrentSession(with activity: Activity) {
         // Main session preempts immediately.
         if activity.role == .main {
             self.currentSessionKey = activity.sessionKey

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClawDiscovery/GatewayDiscoveryModel.swift

@@ -92,31 +92,22 @@ public final class GatewayDiscoveryModel {
         if !self.browsers.isEmpty { return }
 
         for domain in OpenClawBonjour.gatewayServiceDomains {
-            let params = NWParameters.tcp
-            params.includePeerToPeer = true
-            let browser = NWBrowser(
-                for: .bonjour(type: OpenClawBonjour.gatewayServiceType, domain: domain),
-                using: params)
-
-            browser.stateUpdateHandler = { [weak self] state in
-                Task { @MainActor in
+            let browser = GatewayDiscoveryBrowserSupport.makeBrowser(
+                serviceType: OpenClawBonjour.gatewayServiceType,
+                domain: domain,
+                queueLabelPrefix: "ai.openclaw.macos.gateway-discovery",
+                onState: { [weak self] state in
                     guard let self else { return }
                     self.statesByDomain[domain] = state
                     self.updateStatusText()
-                }
-            }
-
-            browser.browseResultsChangedHandler = { [weak self] results, _ in
-                Task { @MainActor in
+                },
+                onResults: { [weak self] results in
                     guard let self else { return }
                     self.resultsByDomain[domain] = results
                     self.updateGateways(for: domain)
                     self.recomputeGateways()
-                }
-            }
-
+                })
             self.browsers[domain] = browser
-            browser.start(queue: DispatchQueue(label: "ai.openclaw.macos.gateway-discovery.\(domain)"))
         }
 
         self.scheduleWideAreaFallback()
@@ -617,8 +608,7 @@ final class GatewayServiceResolver: NSObject, NetServiceDelegate {
     }
 
     func start(timeout: TimeInterval = 2.0) {
-        self.service.schedule(in: .main, forMode: .common)
-        self.service.resolve(withTimeout: timeout)
+        BonjourServiceResolverSupport.start(self.service, timeout: timeout)
     }
 
     func cancel() {
@@ -664,9 +654,7 @@ final class GatewayServiceResolver: NSObject, NetServiceDelegate {
     }
 
     private static func normalizeHost(_ raw: String?) -> String? {
-        let trimmed = raw?.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines) ?? ""
-        if trimmed.isEmpty { return nil }
-        return trimmed.hasSuffix(".") ? String(trimmed.dropLast()) : trimmed
+        BonjourServiceResolverSupport.normalizeHost(raw)
     }
 
     private func formatTXT(_ txt: [String: String]) -> String {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClawDiscovery/TailscaleNetwork.swift

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import Darwin
 import Foundation
+import OpenClawKit
 
 public enum TailscaleNetwork {
     public static func isTailnetIPv4(_ address: String) -> Bool {
@@ -13,34 +13,9 @@ public enum TailscaleNetwork {
     }
 
     public static func detectTailnetIPv4() -> String? {
-        var addrList: UnsafeMutablePointer<ifaddrs>?
-        guard getifaddrs(&addrList) == 0, let first = addrList else { return nil }
-        defer { freeifaddrs(addrList) }
-
-        for ptr in sequence(first: first, next: { $0.pointee.ifa_next }) {
-            let flags = Int32(ptr.pointee.ifa_flags)
-            let isUp = (flags & IFF_UP) != 0
-            let isLoopback = (flags & IFF_LOOPBACK) != 0
-            let family = ptr.pointee.ifa_addr.pointee.sa_family
-            if !isUp || isLoopback || family != UInt8(AF_INET) { continue }
-
-            var addr = ptr.pointee.ifa_addr.pointee
-            var buffer = [CChar](repeating: 0, count: Int(NI_MAXHOST))
-            let result = getnameinfo(
-                &addr,
-                socklen_t(ptr.pointee.ifa_addr.pointee.sa_len),
-                &buffer,
-                socklen_t(buffer.count),
-                nil,
-                0,
-                NI_NUMERICHOST)
-            guard result == 0 else { continue }
-            let len = buffer.prefix { $0 != 0 }
-            let bytes = len.map { UInt8(bitPattern: $0) }
-            guard let ip = String(bytes: bytes, encoding: .utf8) else { continue }
-            if self.isTailnetIPv4(ip) { return ip }
+        for entry in NetworkInterfaceIPv4.addresses() {
+            if self.isTailnetIPv4(entry.ip) { return entry.ip }
         }
-
         return nil
     }
 }

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClawMacCLI/CLIArgParsingSupport.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import Foundation
+
+enum CLIArgParsingSupport {
+    static func nextValue(_ args: [String], index: inout Int) -> String? {
+        guard index + 1 < args.count else { return nil }
+        index += 1
+        return args[index].trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
+    }
+}

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClawMacCLI/ConnectCommand.swift

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ struct ConnectOptions {
                 i += 1
                 continue
             }
-            if let handler = valueHandlers[arg], let value = self.nextValue(args, index: &i) {
+            if let handler = valueHandlers[arg], let value = CLIArgParsingSupport.nextValue(args, index: &i) {
                 handler(&opts, value)
                 i += 1
                 continue
@@ -62,12 +62,6 @@ struct ConnectOptions {
         }
         return opts
     }
-
-    private static func nextValue(_ args: [String], index: inout Int) -> String? {
-        guard index + 1 < args.count else { return nil }
-        index += 1
-        return args[index].trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-    }
 }
 
 struct ConnectOutput: Encodable {
@@ -233,14 +227,7 @@ private func printConnectOutput(_ output: ConnectOutput, json: Bool) {
 private func resolveGatewayEndpoint(opts: ConnectOptions, config: GatewayConfig) throws -> GatewayEndpoint {
     let resolvedMode = (opts.mode ?? config.mode ?? "local").lowercased()
     if let raw = opts.url, !raw.isEmpty {
-        guard let url = URL(string: raw) else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Gateway", code: 1, userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "invalid url: \(raw)"])
-        }
-        return GatewayEndpoint(
-            url: url,
-            token: resolvedToken(opts: opts, mode: resolvedMode, config: config),
-            password: resolvedPassword(opts: opts, mode: resolvedMode, config: config),
-            mode: resolvedMode)
+        return try gatewayEndpoint(fromRawURL: raw, opts: opts, mode: resolvedMode, config: config)
     }
 
     if resolvedMode == "remote" {
@@ -252,14 +239,7 @@ private func resolveGatewayEndpoint(opts: ConnectOptions, config: GatewayConfig)
                 code: 1,
                 userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "gateway.remote.url is missing"])
         }
-        guard let url = URL(string: raw) else {
-            throw NSError(domain: "Gateway", code: 1, userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "invalid url: \(raw)"])
-        }
-        return GatewayEndpoint(
-            url: url,
-            token: resolvedToken(opts: opts, mode: resolvedMode, config: config),
-            password: resolvedPassword(opts: opts, mode: resolvedMode, config: config),
-            mode: resolvedMode)
+        return try gatewayEndpoint(fromRawURL: raw, opts: opts, mode: resolvedMode, config: config)
     }
 
     let port = config.port ?? 18789
@@ -281,6 +261,22 @@ private func bestEffortEndpoint(opts: ConnectOptions, config: GatewayConfig) ->
     try? resolveGatewayEndpoint(opts: opts, config: config)
 }
 
+private func gatewayEndpoint(
+    fromRawURL raw: String,
+    opts: ConnectOptions,
+    mode: String,
+    config: GatewayConfig) throws -> GatewayEndpoint
+{
+    guard let url = URL(string: raw) else {
+        throw NSError(domain: "Gateway", code: 1, userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "invalid url: \(raw)"])
+    }
+    return GatewayEndpoint(
+        url: url,
+        token: resolvedToken(opts: opts, mode: mode, config: config),
+        password: resolvedPassword(opts: opts, mode: mode, config: config),
+        mode: mode)
+}
+
 private func resolvedToken(opts: ConnectOptions, mode: String, config: GatewayConfig) -> String? {
     if let token = opts.token, !token.isEmpty { return token }
     if mode == "remote" {

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClawMacCLI/WizardCommand.swift

@@ -23,17 +23,17 @@ struct WizardCliOptions {
             case "--json":
                 opts.json = true
             case "--url":
-                opts.url = self.nextValue(args, index: &i)
+                opts.url = CLIArgParsingSupport.nextValue(args, index: &i)
             case "--token":
-                opts.token = self.nextValue(args, index: &i)
+                opts.token = CLIArgParsingSupport.nextValue(args, index: &i)
             case "--password":
-                opts.password = self.nextValue(args, index: &i)
+                opts.password = CLIArgParsingSupport.nextValue(args, index: &i)
             case "--mode":
-                if let value = nextValue(args, index: &i) {
+                if let value = CLIArgParsingSupport.nextValue(args, index: &i) {
                     opts.mode = value
                 }
             case "--workspace":
-                opts.workspace = self.nextValue(args, index: &i)
+                opts.workspace = CLIArgParsingSupport.nextValue(args, index: &i)
             default:
                 break
             }
@@ -41,12 +41,6 @@ struct WizardCliOptions {
         }
         return opts
     }
-
-    private static func nextValue(_ args: [String], index: inout Int) -> String? {
-        guard index + 1 < args.count else { return nil }
-        index += 1
-        return args[index].trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines)
-    }
 }
 
 enum WizardCliError: Error, CustomStringConvertible {
@@ -338,8 +332,7 @@ actor GatewayWizardClient {
                     let frame = try await self.decodeFrame(message)
                     if case let .event(evt) = frame, evt.event == "connect.challenge",
                        let payload = evt.payload?.value as? [String: ProtoAnyCodable],
-                       let nonce = payload["nonce"]?.value as? String,
-                       nonce.trimmingCharacters(in: .whitespacesAndNewlines).isEmpty == false
+                       let nonce = GatewayConnectChallengeSupport.nonce(from: payload)
                     {
                         return nonce
                     }